A&p 1:final Exam Study Guide

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

the science and relationship among structures

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

science of body functions and how the body works

Front 3

Chemical Level

Back 3

atoms such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium molecules essential to life

Front 4

Cellular Level

Back 4

molecules combined to form structures

Front 5

Tissue Level

Back 5

Groups of cells and matter to perform a particular function

Front 6

Four basic types of tissue

Back 6

epithelial, connective, muscle & nervous

Front 7

What the smallest living unit?

Back 7

Cells

Front 8

Intracellular Anion& Cation

Back 8

PO4-phosphate/K+

Front 9

Extracellular Anion & Cation

Back 9

Cl-/Na++

Front 10

What is maintains PH via the buffer system?

Back 10

Blood

Front 11

Ionic Bonds

Back 11

attraction between opposite charges

Front 12

Example of Ionic Bonds

Back 12

Sodium Chloride-salt for electrolyte of the body

Front 13

Covalent Bonds

Back 13

molecule by sharing 2 or 3 pairs on the outer shell

Front 14

Example of Covalent Bonds

Back 14

ATP

Front 15

Hydrogen Bonds

Back 15

positive charge attracts partial negative charge of other atoms

Front 16

Example of a Hydrogen Bond

Back 16

Water

Front 17

Hydrophilic

Back 17

contain polar covalent bonds and dissolve in water

Front 18

Hydrophobic

Back 18

non-polar covalent bonds

Front 19

Serous Membrane

Back 19

parietal layer that covers viscera and cavities

Front 20

Peritoneum

Back 20

membrane of the abdominal cavity

Front 21

Visceral Peritoneum

Back 21

abdominal viscera

Front 22

Parietal Peritoneum

Back 22

wall covering the peritoneal cavity

Front 23

Homoeostasis

Back 23

condition which body's internal environment maintained

Front 24

Feedback Loop

Back 24

body's condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, & monitored

Front 25

Negative loop

Back 25

reverse impact the change in monitored variable

Front 26

example of positive feedback

Back 26

child birth and blood clotting

Front 27

Example of Negative Feedback

Back 27

Blood flow

Front 28

What body systems involved in maintaining Homeostasis?

Back 28

Nervous and Endocrine

Front 29

What is an Ion?

Back 29

an atom with + or - charge due to unequal # of protons and electrons

Front 30

Cations

Back 30

+ charges

Front 31

Anions

Back 31

- Charged

Front 32

Organ Level

Back 32

Groups of Tissue join together to form body structures

Front 33

System Level

Back 33

related organs that have a common function

Front 34

Organism Level

Back 34

All systems of the body combine to make a orgainism

Front 35

Integumentary System

Back 35

skin, hair, Nails, Sweat & Oil glands
helps regulate body temp, protects body, eliminates waste, make vit. D

Front 36

Skeletal System

Back 36

All bones, cartilage and joints

supports, protects assists body movements , stores cells that produce blood cells, stores mineral and lipids

Front 37

Muscular System

Back 37

muscle tissue and Skeletal muscle

movement, maintain posture and produce heat

Front 38

Nervous System

Back 38

Brain, Spinal cord, NERVES AND SENSE ORGANS
Regulate body activities through nerve impulses detect enviroment

Front 39

Endocrine System

Back 39

all glands & tissues produce chemical regulators body

regulate body through hormones transported by blood

Front 40

Cardiovascular System

Back 40

blood, heart, and blood vessels
pumps through blood vessels

blood carries oxygen, nutrient to cells, carbon dioxide , and waste

Front 41

Lymphatic System

Back 41

Lymphatic fluid,vessels,spleen,thymus,lymmph nodes

Returns protein &fluid to bloo,carries lipids from GI tract to blood,pprotect against disease

Front 42

Respiratiory Sysytem

Back 42

lungs, airway, throat,larynx,trachea,

Transfer Carbon Dioxide to blood,regulate acidity of fluids, air flow through vocal cords

Front 43

Digestive System

Back 43

GI tract,mouth,esophagus, stomach,rectum and anus

Physical and chemical breakdown of food-absorbs nutrients and elimatines waste

Front 44

Urinary System

Back 44

Kidneys,Ureter,Urinary bladder,uretha

Produces,stores, and eliminates urineand waste, regulates blood volume and red blood cell

Front 45

Reproductive System

Back 45

Testes,Ovaries,reproductive organs

Produce gametes, release hormones and mammary glands

Front 46

Superior

Back 46

toward the head or upper

Front 47

Inferior

Back 47

Away from the head or lower

Front 48

Anterior

Back 48

Near the front of the body

Front 49

posterior

Back 49

near the back of the body

Front 50

midline

Back 50

divided into equal sides left and right

Front 51

Medial

Back 51

nearer the middle

Front 52

Lateral

Back 52

farther away from middle

Front 53

Proximal

Back 53

nearer attachment of limb to the trunk

Front 54

Distal

Back 54

father from the attachment of limb to the trunk

Front 55

Dorsal cavity

Back 55

cranial, vertrbral

Front 56

Ventral Body Cavity

Back 56

Thoracic

Front 57

Diaphragm

Back 57

divides the structure between thoracic and abdominal cavity

Front 58

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Back 58

Pelvic

Front 59

RUQ

Back 59

Liver, gallbladder, stomach, duodenum, right kidney,colon

Front 60

LUQ

Back 60

Liver,spleen, stomach , SMI, left kidney, pancreas, colon

Front 61

RLQ

Back 61

appendix,SMI,colon,ovary, bladder right ureter

Front 62

LUQ

Back 62

Sigmoid colon,left ureter

Front 63

Monomers

Back 63

Small organic molecules

Front 64

glucose, proteins, DNA/RNA

Back 64

Monomers

Front 65

Polymers

Back 65

Larger organic molecules

Front 66

amino acids, nucleic acids, fatty acids, and glycerols, lipids and fats

Back 66

Polymers

Front 67

Where in the body is glucose for energy found?

Back 67

tissues, muscles, antibodies

Front 68

Protein levels of structure

Back 68

Primary, secondary,tetiary,quaternary

Front 69

Primary structure

Back 69

unique amino acids linked by covalent bonds to form polypeptide

Front 70

Secondary Structure

Back 70

repeated twisting or folding of amino acid in polypeptide chain

Front 71

Tertiary Structure

Back 71

3D shaped polypeptide chain

Front 72

Quaternary Structure

Back 72

exists in proteins that contain more than one polypeptide

Front 73

How does the Protiens unique shape permits interaction?

Back 73

carry out specific function

Front 74

What is the structure of phospholipid?

Back 74

glycerol backbone and 2 fatty acids-attached to 2 carbons

Front 75

Where do you find phospholipids in the body?

Back 75

cell membrane

Front 76

What is a phospholipids?

Back 76

simplest form of glycerol bonded to two fatty acids and a phosphate group

Front 77

What is the purpose of Enzymes?

Back 77

speed up chemical reactions

Front 78

What are catalysts called in a living cell?

Back 78

enzymes

Front 79

Amylase

Back 79

breaks down carbohydrates

Front 80

What is ATP?

Back 80

energy yielding molecule in the body

Front 81

ATP stands for what?

Back 81

Andesine Triphospahte

Front 82

what in the cell produces ATP?

Back 82

Mitochondria

Front 83

What are to phases of Cellular Respiration?

Back 83

Anaerobic/Aerobic

Front 84

What are the other two ways of ATP?

Back 84

exergonic -release energy
hydrolysis- adding water

Front 85

Function of plasma membrane?

Back 85

controls substances going in and out of the cell

Front 86

cytosol

Back 86

fluid portion of the cell

Front 87

Organelles

Back 87

perform metabolic functions

Front 88

cytoskeleton

Back 88

network of 3 types of filaments

Front 89

Microfilaments

Back 89

contribute to shape and strength of the cell

Front 90

Microtubules

Back 90

help move cillia and flagella

Front 91

Centrosomes

Back 91

rod shaped- helps with movement during cell division

Front 92

Cilia

Back 92

Whip-like that moves substances along the cell

Front 93

Flagella

Back 93

helps propel the cell

Front 94

Ribosomes

Back 94

synthesize protein

Front 95

Golgi complex

Back 95

stores, packages, and exports proteins

Front 96

Peroxisomes

Back 96

detoxification of the cell

Front 97

Proteasomes

Back 97

tiny structure contains protease and enzymes

Front 98

Mitochondria

Back 98

power house of the cell

Front 99

Nuclear envelope

Back 99

separates nucleus from cytoplasm

Front 100

Nucleoli

Back 100

makes ribosomes

Front 101

Genes

Back 101

control cellular structure

Front 102

Chromatin

Back 102

found in the nucleus carries out hereditary factors

Front 103

chromosomes

Back 103

tightly coiled chromatin

Front 104

Where is DNA located?

Back 104

nucleus

Front 105

what contains the genetic materials in the body?

Back 105

DNA

Front 106

ACGT

Back 106

Adenine,Cytosine,Guanine,Thymine

Front 107

ACGU

Back 107

RNA, Uracil added

Front 108

Where is Transcription and where does it occur?

Back 108

genetic information copied into messenger RNA-mRNA and occurs in the Nucleus

Front 109

What is Translation?

Back 109

Transfer RNA and builds proteins on the ribosomes from coded mRNA

Front 110

Interphase

Back 110

cell at rest -prepare for cell division

Front 111

Prophase

Back 111

chromatin fiber condense-centrosome's move to opposite poles

Front 112

Metaphase

Back 112

centrosomes pair line up

Front 113

Anaphase

Back 113

centrosomes split- move to opposite poles

Front 114

Telaphase

Back 114

form Two joined cells- mitotic spindle disappear

Front 115

Cytokinesis

Back 115

Cytoplasmic division-Cell divides

Front 116

Diffusion

Back 116

movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

Front 117

Simple Diffusion

Back 117

diffused across a membrane through lipid layer/pores integral proteins

Front 118

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 118

support for lipid -insoluble too large too pass-glucose transport

Front 119

Osmosis

Back 119

movement of water from high to low contraction through permeable membrane

Front 120

Active Transport

Back 120

Sodium-potassium pump

Front 121

sodium potassium bump

Back 121

transports sodium out of cell and bumps potassium into cell