8Th Grade Social Studies Staar

Front 1

Oregon Treaty of 1846

Back 1

President Polk and England signed this, understanding the limits of the Oregon Territory.

Front 2

Plymouth

Back 2

Founded in 1620 - Pilgrims traveled to Plymouth and signed the Mayflower Compact.

Front 3

Mayflower Compact

Back 3

A document signed by passengers of the Mayflower establishing self-government for the first time.

Front 4

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Back 4

1848 - United States received California, which now means land that stretched from Texas to California to as far as Wyoming.

Front 5

Samuel F.B. Morse

Back 5

Invented the Telegraph in 1844.

Front 6

Seneca Falls Declaration

Back 6

1848 - Document made by Elizabeth Cady Stanton saying all men AND women are created equal.

Front 7

Compromise of 1850

Back 7

California becomes part of the Union as a free state.
New Mexico and Utah become U.S. Territories.
Fugitive Slave Law is made.

Front 8

Louisiana Purchase

Back 8

1803 - Mississippi is no longer controlled by foreign power.
Territory Purchased: Arkansas, Iowa, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Oklahoma, and also parts of Colorado, Kansas, Minnesota, and Wyoming.

Front 9

John C. Calhoun

Back 9

- Supported Slavery

- Secretary of War

- Vice President of U.S.; created a doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional.

Front 10

Monroe Doctrine

Back 10

1823 - James Madison's speech tells Europe not to purchase any territory from the West in U.S.

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Industrial Revolution

Back 11

The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the massive social, economic, and technological change in 18th century and 19th century Great Britain. It commenced with the introduction of steam power (fueled primarily by coal) and powered automated machinery (primarily in textile manufacturing).

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Eli Whitney

Back 12

1793 - Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin to take seeds out of Cotton much quicker, and to do that people needed slaves so the Cotton Gin also encouraged slavery, however Eli Whitney did not know the Cotton Gin would have the kind of effect on slaves.
Also invented Interchangeable Parts.

Front 13

Erie Canal

Back 13

1825 - Best transportation as of 1825, built by DeWitt Clinton.

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Indian Removal Act

Back 14

1825-1850
Allowed the President to move tribes west.

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Trail of Tears

Back 15

Native Americans wept that they did not want to leave their homes.

AKA, Long Trail West.

Front 16

Worcester VS. Georgia

Back 16

It said the Cherokee Nation had the right to make its own laws.

Front 17

James Bridger

Back 17

Discovered the Great Salt Lake

Front 18

Mexico

Back 18

In 1824, Mexico became an independent country.

Front 19

Santa Fe Trail

Back 19

Americans went to buy goods and then come back to U.S. to make profit.

People brought big wagons with animals, food, and supplies in them.

Front 20

John Marshall

Back 20

Thomas Jefferson's Cousin

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

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Presidents 1-8

Back 21

1. George Washington
2. John Adams
3. Thomas Jefferson
4. James Madison
5. James Monroe
6. John Quincy Adams
7. Andrew Jackson
8. Martin Van Buren

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Presidents 9-17

Back 22

9. William Henry Harrison
10. John Tyler
11. James Knox Polk
12. Zachary Taylor
13. Millard Fillmore
14. Franklin Pierce
15. James Buchanan
16. Abraham Lincoln
17. Andrew Johnson

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Missouri Compromise

Back 23

1820 - Maine was carved from Massachusetts and made into a free state.
Balanced the slave states and the free states.

Front 24

Lynch

Back 24

It means to kill without a fair trial.

Front 25

Robert Carter

Back 25

In 1791 he freed all of his slaves (500+) because of his religious beliefs.

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Jamestown

Back 26

Founded in 1607, the first permanent English Settlement.

Front 27

Joseph Smith

Back 27

In 1830, he founded the Mormon Religion.

Front 28

Virginia House of Burgesses

Back 28

1st representative assembly in North
America

Front 29

Thomas Hooker

Back 29

Founder of the state of Connecticut, “Father of American Democracy. Connecticut adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut sometimes called the “First written Constitution.”

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William Penn

Back 30

Established Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers. He supported freedom of worship, welcomed immigrants, and did not require residents to serve in a militia.

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Anne Hutchinson

Back 31

Banished from Massachusetts colony; one of the founders of Rhode Island

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French and Indian War

Back 32

 British colonists wanted to take over French land in North America.
 British soldiers fought against French soldiers and Native Americans.
 Native Americans joined against the British b/c they were afraid the British would take over their land.

Front 33

Treaty of Paris

Back 33

1763 - Ended the French and Indian War
 Also as a result of the war, the British began taxing the colonists to pay for the war and the proclamation line of 1763 was established to keep colonists from settling west of the Appalachian mountains.

Front 34

Sugar Act

Back 34

1764 - Tax on Sugar

American Reaction: Taxation without Representation

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Stamp Act

Back 35

1765 - Tax on all kinds of documents

American Reaction: Protests - Sons of Liberty form

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Townshend Acts

Back 36

1767 - Tax on imported goods

American Reaction: Boycott British

Front 37

Tea Act

Back 37

1773 - Taxed Tea

American Reaction: Boston Tea Party

Front 38

Intolerable Acts

Back 38

1774 - Closed Boston

American Reaction: Formed the first Continental Congress

Front 39

Revolutionary War
Declaration of Independence 1776

Back 39

Document written by Thomas Jeffer-son, claiming independence from Great Britain based on the philosophies of Locke, Montesquieu, and Blackstone

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Revolutionary War
Lexington and Concord

Back 40

 British planned to arrest American leaders
 Paul Revere made famous ride to warn about the British attack

Front 41

Revolutionary War
Saratoga

Back 41

 Important victory because it influenced foreign nations to support America in its war against England
 France used its Navy in the Americans effort for victory

Front 42

Revolutionary War
Yorktown

Back 42

 French ships prevented British supplies to reach Yorktown
 British surrender because of lack of supplies
 British lost hope of winning war and began negotiating the Treaty of Paris 1783

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Revolutionary War
Treaty of Paris

Back 43

1783 - ENDED THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
The 13 colonies became independent from England
The boundaries of the new nation were the Mississippi river to the west, Canada to the North, and Spanish Florida to the south.

Front 44

Leaders of the American Revolution
George Washington

Back 44

Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, Presi-dent of the Constitutional Convention, and First US President, Helped create a strong central government.

Front 45

Leaders of the American Revolution
Samuel Adams

Back 45

Boston Patriot who opposed British taxation. He estab-lished the committee of correspondence. Leader of the Sons of Liberty and insisted a Bill of Rights be added to the Constitution before ratification.

Front 46

Leaders of the American Revolution
Benjamin Franklin

Back 46

Author, publisher, inventor and diplomat

Front 47

Leaders of the American Revolution
Alexander Hamilton

Back 47

Author of many of the Federalist Papers; First secre-tary of treasury, Leader of Federalist Party

Front 48

Leaders of the American Revolution
Patrick Henry

Back 48

Patriot from Virginia, opposed ratification of Constitution because of potential limitations on state’s rights. “Give me Liberty. Or give me death!”

Front 49

Leaders of the American Revolution
James Madison

Back 49

“Father of the Constitution” one of Three authors of the “Federalist Papers”, author of the “Bill of Rights”

Front 50

Leaders of the American Revolution
Thomas Paine

Back 50

Wrote Common Sense and American Crisis, He urged Americans to support the Patriot cause during the American Revolution.

Front 51

Leaders of the American Revolution
Abigail Adams

Back 51

Wife of John Adams, known for her stance on women’s rights in letters to her husband.

Front 52

Leaders of the American Revolution
Wentworth Cheswell

Back 52

Educated African-American Patriot, made the same midnight ride as Paul Revere warning that the British were coming.

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Leaders of the American Revolution
Mercy Otis Warren

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Patriot writer that supported independence and convinced others to join the cause. First woman historian of the American Revolution, published plays, books and poetry.

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Leaders of the American Revolution
James Armistead

Back 54

African-American spy during the American Revolution. Spied on Lord Cornwallis’ camp.

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Leaders of the American Revolution
Bernardo de Galvez

Back 55

Spaniard who held off British in New Orleans, but allowed Americans use of the port.

Front 56

Leaders of the American Revolution
Crispus Attucks

Back 56

American Hero and Martyr of the Boston Massacre

Front 57

Leaders of the American Revolution
Haym Salomon

Back 57

Polish Jew who spied for Americans and was held as a translator for the Germans by the British.

Front 58

Leaders of the American Revolution
Marquis de Lafayette

Back 58

French Noble who helped Americans during the Revolutionary War

Front 59

Leaders of the American Revolution
John Paul Jones

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Founder of the U.S. Navy. Led raids on British ships and famous for yelling “I have not yet begun to fight”

Front 60

Leaders of the American Revolution
King George III

Back 60

King of England during the American Revolution

Front 61

Magna Carta

Back 61

Limited the power of the King; guaranteed the right of trial by jury.

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English Bill of Rights

Back 62

called for frequent elections; guaranteed right to bear arms, forbade cruel and unusual punishment; restated trial by jury.

Front 63

Articles of Confederation

Back 63

Created just before the Battle of Yorktown, this was the first attempt at a national government by the American Colonies; its weaknesses was the lack of a strong central government.

Front 64

Constitutional Convention

Back 64

1787 - Delegates met in Philadelphia Pennsylvania to revise the Articles of Confederation; instead they wrote an entirely new constitution and formed a new government.

Front 65

Federalists

Back 65

John Adams

Alexander Hamilton

Front 66

Anti-Federalists

Back 66

Thomas Jefferson

James Madison

Front 67

Bill of Rights

Back 67

The first ten ammendments

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Constitution Ratified

Back 68

1787 - Becomes blueprint for American Government

Front 69

George Washington

Back 69

1st President encouraged no political parties and isolationism
Farewell address encouraged isolationism and no forming of political parties

Front 70

John Adams

Back 70

XYZ Affair
Alien and Sedition Acts

Front 71

Thomas Jefferson

Back 71

Marbury v. Madison (Judicial Review)
Louisiana Purchase (1803) — purchased from France for $15 million, doubled the size of the U.S.
Embargo Act of 1807 — restricted trade with any country

Front 72

James Madison

Back 72

War of 1812 — United States earned worldwide respect and helped spark the Industrial Revolution
Henry Clay’s American System

Front 73

Mexican War (James K. Polk –President)

Back 73

America and Mexico argued over the border between the Texas and Mexico.
America invaded Mexico and Mexico surrendered (“Stonewall” Jackson recognized as a hero of the war)
Mexico recognizes Texas as a part of the U.S. and settles border dis-pute– Rio Grande the border
Mexico gave up the Mexican Cession which helped complete Manifest Destiny.

Front 74

Jacksonian Democracy

Back 74

The idea that as many people as possible should be allowed to vote

Front 75

Gadsden Purchase

Back 75

1853 - Land purchased from Mexico in used to com-plete the transcontinental railroad.

Front 76

Florida Cession

Back 76

1819 - Given to the US by Spain

Front 77

Abolition Movement

Back 77

The social movement to end slavery. (Leaders: Fredrick Douglas, Sojourner Truth, William L. Garrison)

Front 78

Public Education

Back 78

Between 1830-1850, many northern states opened free public schools. (Leaders: Horace Mann)

Front 79

Labor Reform Movement

Back 79

Social movement where workers began protesting and strikes to get better wages and working hours.

Front 80

Women’s Rights

Back 80

This movement sought the equal treatment of wom-en, including the right to vote. (Leaders: Stanton, Anthony)

Front 81

Temperance Movement

Back 81

Social movement to stop drinking alcohol.

Front 82

The Liberator

Back 82

an abolitionist newspaper– William Lloyd Garrison

Front 83

Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth

Back 83

both born slaves but had es-caped slavery and became leading abolitionist

Front 84

Harriett Beecher Stowe

Back 84

wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” which portrayed slavery in the South

Front 85

Harriet Tubman

Back 85

Former slave and conductor of the Underground Rail-road

Front 86

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Back 86

 Nebraska Territory was divide into two territories.
 Slavery in each territory was to be decided by popular sovereignty (vote by the people).
 Anti-slavery and Pro-slavery forces rushed into the territories in order to vote.
 A key figure was John Brown who was an extreme abolitionist that murdered slavery supporters.

Front 87

Sojourner Truth

Back 87

Former slave who fought for women’s rights and abolition of slavery

Front 88

Susan B. Anthony

Back 88

Leader in women’s suffrage (right to vote) movement for 50 years to the effort to attain equal rights for women.

Front 89

Henry David Thoreau

Back 89

American essayist, poet, practical philosopher, and transcendentalist. Wrote “Civil Disobedience” (passive resistance) and supported abolitionism.

Front 90

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Back 90

Author of declaration of the rights of women, seeking equal rights for women. Her and Lucretia Mott held the first women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY.

Front 91

Horace Mann

Back 91

Father of Public Education; believed all children had the right to free education.

Front 92

Civil War (1861-1865)

Back 92

(1861-1865) Fighting between the North and South over the issue of slavery. North wins and slaves are granted Freedom, Citizenship, and the right to vote.

Front 93

People of the Civil War
Abraham Lincoln

Back 93

President of The United States during the Civil War. (Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address)

Front 94

People of the Civil War
Jefferson Davis

Back 94

President of the Confederate States of America. Inaugural address proclaimed States’ Rights.

Front 95

People of the Civil War
Ulysses S. Grant

Back 95

Commanding Union General– won major victories for the Union (Shiloh and Vicksburg)- defeated Lee’s troops in Virginia and accepted Lee’s surrender at the Appomattox court hose in 1865

Front 96

People of the Civil War
Robert E. Lee

Back 96

Confederate General– commanded the Northern Army of Virginia-respected by Northerners and loved by white southerners– won early victories and invaded the north twice and lost both times (at Antie-tam and Gettysburg)- surrendered at Appomattox

Front 97

Secession

Back 97

withdrawal of Southern States from the Union

Front 98

Battles of the Civil War
Fort Sumter

Back 98

 first shots of the Civil war
 before supplies could arrive Confederate troops attack the fort and the Civil war begins

Front 99

Battles of the Civil War
Battle of Antietam

Back 99

single bloodiest battle of the Civil War

Front 100

Battles of the Civil War
Siege of Vicksburg

Back 100

 Important Union victory
 Confederates lost control of the Mississippi River
 Vicksburg, Mississippi was the last Confederate stronghold along the Mississippi River

Front 101

Battles of the Civil War
Battle of Gettysburg

Back 101

 Important Union victory
 the only time the Confederate Army tried to win a battle in Northern Territory
 Pickett’s Charge was the turning point in the battle
 Pickett led Confederate soldiers into the middle of Union forces and it was disastrous
 Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address here in honor of the dead Union soldiers stating the Union

Front 102

Battles of the Civil War
Appomattox Courthouse

Back 102

 Lee Surrenders; War is over
 Last battle of the Civil War
 Lincoln Assassinated

Front 103

Emancipation Proclamation

Back 103

freed all of the slaves in the Southern States
Issued by President Lincoln on January 1, 1863– Lincoln did not, however, have the power to free the slaves in the Southern States so in reality it freed very few slaves

Front 104

13th Amendment

Back 104

Freed Slaves in all states

Front 105

14th Amendment

Back 105

Made all former slaves American Citizens

Front 106

15th Amendment

Back 106

Allowed all former slaves the right to vote

Front 107

Supreme Court Cases
John Marshall

Back 107

One of the most influential Supreme Court Justices; he helped establish the idea of Judicial Review which made the Su-preme Court the powerful institution it is today.

Front 108

Supreme Court Cases
Marbury v. Madison

Back 108

1803 said that the Supreme Court had right to review all laws made by Congress; established the idea of Judicial Review.

Front 109

Supreme Court Cases
Worcester v. Georgia

Back 109

Cherokee Nation sued Georgia to keep their lands and won, but were removed by Jackson anyway

Front 110

Supreme Court Cases
McCulloch v. Maryland

Back 110

1819
said that a state could not tax a national bank; increased the power of the national government.

Front 111

Supreme Court Cases
Gibbons v. Ogden

Back 111

1824
said that federal government had the power to regulate trade between states.

Front 112

Supreme Court Cases
Dred Scott v. Sanford

Back 112

1857
said that African-Americans were not citizens of the U.S. and said that Missouri compromise was unconstitutional; increased sectionalism.

Front 113

Henry Clay

Back 113

Politician known as “The Great Compromiser” Created the Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850 and the compromise that ended the nullifica-tion crisis.

Front 114

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Back 114

Writer and poet; popularized the idea of transcendentalism

Front 115

John Peter Zenger

Back 115

Journalist; his trial helped establish idea of freedom of the press

Front 116

Daniel Webster

Back 116

Representative and senator in the Congress. Known for his debates against Haynes and Calhoun on the topics of states’ rights and nullification

Front 117

John Deere

Back 117

Inventor of the Steel Plow

Front 118

Compromises on Slavery
Northwest Ordinance

Back 118

established government for the Northwest Territory and described how a territory becomes a state.

Front 119

Compromises on Slavery
Morrill Act

Back 119

land grant that established agricultural-universities. (Texas A&M)

Front 120

Compromises on Slavery
Dawes Act

Back 120

Indian policy that broke up reservations into individual land plots.

Front 121

Compromises on Slavery
Homestead Act

Back 121

law that a person could claim 160 acres of land in the western territories. (Sooners)

Front 122

Compromises on Slavery
Fugitive Slave Act

Back 122

act that helped slave owners recover their runaway slaves from the North. (Part of Compromise of 1850)

Front 123

Compromises on Slavery
Nullification Compromise

Back 123

Henry Clay’s compromise to end the nullification crisis when the tariff would be lowered over a 10-year period

Front 124

Compromises on Slavery
Kansas Nebraska Act

Back 124

All were examples of the government compromises that actually spread slavery further in the country

Front 125

Federalist Party

Back 125

Believe in strong national government; higher tariffs; govern-ment support of industry. (Alexander Hamilton, John Adams)

Front 126

Democratic Republicans

Back 126

Strong state governments; lower taxes; support of agriculture and craftsmen. (Thomas Jefferson, James Madison)

Front 127

Democratic Party

Back 127

Modern Democratic Party began with the election of 1828 Andrew Jackson became the first Democrat when the Democratic-Republicans split.

Front 128

Whig Party

Back 128

Group opposed to Jackson’s policies. Supported States rights, and Henry Clay’s American System. Leaders were Daniel Webster and Henry Clay.

Front 129

Republican Party

Back 129

Modern republican Party formed before the Civil War as an Anti-slavery party. Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican President; Republi-cans temporarily dominated US politics after the Civil War.

Front 130

Blockade

Back 130

When goods are prevented from going into or out of an area

Front 131

Boycott

Back 131

A refusal to buy certain goods

Front 132

Mercantilism

Back 132

Economic system in which England controlled trade of the colonies

Front 133

Suffrage

Back 133

the right to vote

Front 134

Free enterprise System

Back 134

individual people and not the government control the economy; people decide what to make, sell and buy. (Alexander Hamilton)

Front 135

American System

Back 135

Henry Clay’s plan for economic growth; protective tariffs, transportation, roads and canals, 2nd national bank.

Front 136

Manifest Destiny

Back 136

this was the name given to the idea that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean.

Front 137

Nullification

Back 137

idea that a state government could nullify or ignore a federal law that they feel unfairly hurts their state( or unconstitutional); S. Carolina, led by John C. Calhoun nearly attempted to secede from US after nullifying protective tariffs.

Front 138

Protective Tariffs

Back 138

taxes on imported goods that are designed to help United States companies compete in the sale of goods.

Front 139

Transcendentalism

Back 139

a philosophy emphasizing the spiritual importance in life over the material importance.

Front 140

Minimum Government Intrusion (Laissez Faire)

Back 140

idea that citizens have the right to privacy and independence from government control.

Front 141

Property Rights

Back 141

the right to own property.

Front 142

Communication Systems

Back 142

process of keeping the colonies connected to know what was going on in the others.

Front 143

Transcontinental Railroad

Back 143

Railroad line that linked the well-developed railway network of the East Coast with rapidly growing California.