8. The Literate Brain Ii

Front 1

What is the Cambridge Effect?

Back 1

We don't read every letter by itself, but as a whole

Front 2

What 3 types of acquired dyslexia's are there?

Back 2

1. Surface Dyslexia

2. Phonological Dyslexia

3. Deep Dyslexia

Front 3

What are peripheral dyslexia's?

> Types?

Back 3

Disorders of letter and word identification; problem getting order right and 'word into head' - not as common in acquired dyslexia

> Pure, attentional, letter position

Front 4

What is central dyslexia?

> Types?

Back 4

Disorders of phonological or semantic processing - quite common after brain damage

> Surface, phonological, deep

Front 5

What do those with letter position dyslexia have difficulty with?

- What don't they have difficulty with?

Back 5

Fine with recognising single letter names

Difficulty differentiating migratable words (swapping round letters = new word)

Front 6

What does letter position dyslexia suggest?

Back 6

There is a particular part of the brain which is tuned to the position of letters

Front 7

What does reading aloud information from acquired dyslexic's give evidence for?

Back 7

The dual-pathway model = shows the necessity of different components

Front 8

What does the comparison of surface and phonological dyslexia give?

> What areas are damaged in each?

Back 8

Double dissociation

> Between whole word and subword processing

Surface dyslexia: damage of the semantic whole word route

Phonological dyslexia: Damage to the phonological subword route

Front 9

What does the semantic whole word route work well for?

> Phonological subword route?

Back 9

Semantic whole word: unpredictable words

Phonological subword: predictable/ regular words

Front 10

In surface dyslexia, what is damaged?- What does this result in?

Back 10

Whole word semantic pathway = everything has to go through phonological pathway

Front 11

What characteristics do surface dyslexic's have?

Back 11

Selective deficit = reading aloud irregular words (more pronounced for infrequent words)

Front 12

What relationship was found between surface dyslexia and semantic dementia?

> What does this suggest?

Back 12

Strong relationship between:

Irregular word reading

and

Performance on semantic tasks

> Suggests that surface dyslexia is a result of impairment of semantic pathway

Front 13

What area is activated in semantic dementia patients have that normal patients don't and for what stimulus?

> what does this suggest?

> what does this support?

Back 13

IPS when reading nonwords and low freq. irregular words

> Semantic dementia patients treating the irregular words as non-words

Supports the phonological pathway

Front 14

What was found for semantic dementia Japanese patients in terms of accuracy?

Back 14

Accuracy worse for irregulars than regulars

Much worse for the irregulars in low freq.

Front 15

Although Italian in a transparent orthography, what was found about stress assignment?

Back 15

Stress assignment in polysyllabic words is unpredictable, so they're like irregular words in English

Front 16

What characteristics does phonological dyslexia present?

> What does this suggest?

Back 16

Much better at naming regular and irregular words than nonwords

> Suggests reading is going on via the semantic pathway

Front 17

What brain areas are effected in phonological dyslexia?

Back 17

Regions implicated in normal phonological processing (IFG, STG, SMG)

Front 18

What has been found when looking at phonological dyslexia in Japanese and Italian?

Back 18

Japanese = same pattern we see in English > better at words than nonwords

Italian= words and nonwords can be read via phonological pathway, words can also be read via recourse to semantic information

> Selective deficit for nonwords

Front 19

What characteristics are seen in deep dyslexia? + e.g.s

Back 19

Semantic errors reading aloud

e.g. BLOOD as HEART, COST as MONEY, ERROR as WRONG

Profoundly impaired nonword reading

- Strong imageability effects

Front 20

What does deep dyslexia indicate?

Back 20

Badly damaged phonological subword route

Front 21

What was found between deep dyslexia and stroke aphasia?

> what could the rate of semantic errors be a consequence of?

Back 21

Produced semantic errors = deep dyslexic

- Consequence of additional damage to the semantic pathway

- Combination of damage: phonological subword pathway and semantic pathway

Front 22

What is

Alographic conversion

Graphomotor pattern

Back 22

Alographic conversion: upper vs. lower case

Graphomotor pattern: how we write each letter

Front 23

What brain regions are involved in spelling processes?

Back 23

vOTC

IPS

IFG

Front 24

For spelling, what are central and peripheral processes?

Back 24

Central: orthographic activation (thinking of spelling of things)

Peripheral: Writing responses

Front 25

What 4 central dysgraphia's are there?

Back 25

1. Surface dysgraphia
   
2. Phonological
   
3. Deep
   
4. Afferent

Front 26

What sort of dyslexia is correlated with central dysgraphia?

Back 26

Central dyslexia

Front 27

What pathway is damaged in surface dysgraphia?

> What is it defined by?

Back 27

Semantic whole word route

A selective deficit in the spelling of irregular words

Front 28

What pathway is damaged in phonological dysgraphia?

> what is it defined by?

Back 28

Phonological subword route

Relatively selective deficit in the spelling of nonwords

Front 29

In phonologial dysgraphia;

1. What is everything related to?
   
2. What is better than any other task?
   
3. What effect is there for nonword reading?
   
4. What is the worst?
   

Back 29

1. Everything related to phonological ability
2. Word reading
   
3. Lexicality effect
4. Nonword spelling

Front 30

What is meant by global dysgraphia?

What impact does this have on the literature?

Back 30

So bad at spelling, they were at the floor - wern't scoring enough on words to be considered phonologically dyslexic = bad at words

Literature focuses on patients who have selective deficits

Front 31

What is Deep Dysgraphia characterized by?

Back 31

Severe nonword spelling impairment along with imageability effects and semantic errors in word spelling

Front 32

What is the Grapheme Buffer?

Back 32

STM component that stores abstract letter identity while output processes are engaged (spoken or written)

When we look at words on a page, we use the graphemic buffer to hold letters while they 'flow into reading system'

Front 33

What were patient LB's (graphemic buffer dysgraphia) characteristics?

Back 33

Impaired spelling of words and nonwords - oral + written

Nonword reading impaired

Front 34

What brain areas have been shown to be involved in graphemic buffers?

Back 34

Left frontal, parietal and occipital regions

Front 35

What is Afferent Dysgraphia?

Back 35

Occurrence of stroke omissions and additions in writing

> Unable to use visual and motor feedback during motor tasks

Front 36

What is evidence for the strong dissociation between reading and spelling/writing?

Back 36

Pure alexia

> can write perfectly well but cant read what they've just written

Front 37

What does the double dissociation between reading and writing suggest?

Back 37

Functional subdivisions within regions implicated in both reading and spelling

> Visual word form area is activated by reading and spelling, but might be different parts of the visual word form area that perform those functions

> Fine grained differences in function