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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
classification of the brain
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1) brain stem
2) cerebellum 3)diencephalon 4) cerebrum |
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cerebellar cortex
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sheet of gray matter covering the cerebellum
functionally it smooths our body's movements |
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cerebral cortex
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sheet of gray matter covering the cerebrum
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lateral ventricles
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lie in the cerebral hemispheres on either side of the thalamus, paired "C" shaped, seperated by a thin median membrane
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ventricle
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expansion of the brain's central cavity filled with CSF
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third ventricle
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lies in the diencephalon, connects to the 4th ventricle by the cerebral aquaduct
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fourth ventricle
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lies in the brain stem, connects to the central canal of the spinal cord
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choroid plexus
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capillary rich membrane on the roof of the brain that forms the cerebrospinal fluid
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cerebrum
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the cerebral hemispheres
seperated by longitudinal fissure |
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cerebral aqueduct
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located in the midbrain, thin tubelike central cavity and connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle
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gyrus
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a ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex
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sulcus
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a groove between the ridges in the cerebrum
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fissure
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deepest depressions or inward folds of the brain
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brain stem
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most caudal of the 4 major parts of the brain
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name the 3 regions of the brain stem
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1) medulla oblongata
2) Pons 3) Midbrain |
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functions of the brain stem
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1) acts as a passageway for all fiber tracts running from the cerebrum to the spinal cord
2) innervation of the face and head 3) produces basic life support ( automatic behaviors necessary for survival |
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medulla oblongata
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most caudal part of the brain stem, continuous with the spinal cord , part of the 4th ventricle
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nucleus gracilis
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in the medulla oblongata, relays sensory information to the thalamus
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nucleus cuneatus
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in the medulla oblongata, relays sensory information to the thalamus
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olivary nuclei
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in the medulla oblongata, looks like an olive, relays to cerebellum from other regions
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medulla oblongata regulates
(reflex centers) |
basic rhythm and rate of breathing
hiccuping, coughing, swallowing and sneezing adjusts force and rate of heartbeat regulates blood pressure |
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midbrain
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most rostral of the 3 regions, lies between the diencephalon and the pons
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corpora quadrigemina
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largest of the brain nuclei and makes up the tectum
form 4 bumps on the idrsal surface |
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superior colliculus
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2 of them, called little hills
process visual information (make up 2 bumps of the Corpora quadrigemina) |
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inferior colliculus
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2 of them, relay auditory information to the thalamus
(make up 2 bumps of the Corpora quadrigemina) |
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tectum
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roof of the 4th ventricle
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red nucleus
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involuntary muscle activity, red due to rich blood supply and iron pigments in the cell bodies of the neurons
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substantia nigra
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embedded in the white matter, regulates motor output
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cerebral peduncles
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form verticle "pillars" that seem to hold up the cerebrum, contain ascending and descending tracts to the thalamus
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Pons
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2nd region of the brain stem , the bulge between the midbrain and medulla oblongata
forms a bridge between the brain stem and the cerebellum |
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Cranial Nerves attach to the pons and innervate; (nerves 5-8)
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the skin of the face
chewing muscles eye moving muscles |
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pontine nuclei
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relay brain nuclei in a path that connects part of the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum
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cerebellum
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cauliflower like, the 2nd of the brain's major part, makes up 11% of the mass of the brain
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function of the cerebellum
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1) smooths and coordinates body movements
2) Maintains posture and equilibrium |
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cerebellar hemispheres
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the cerebellum forms 2 separated by a primary fissure
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cerebellar hemispheres are sundivided into
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3 lobes
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3 lobes of the cerebellar hemispheres
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1) anterior lobe
2) posterior lobe 3) flocculonodular lobe |
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function of anterior and posterior lobes
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coordinate trunk and limb movement
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function of the flocculonodular lobe
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adjust posture to maintain equilibrium and coordinate head and eye movement
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vermis
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connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum
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folia
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platelike ridges on the cerebellum, ie fine ridges
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Purkinje Cells
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axons which become the arbor vitale
at the border of gray and white matter |
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Arbor Vitae
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literally means tree of life
the internal white matter, consists of axons carrying info to and from the cortex |
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cerebellar nuclei
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axons that relay instructions from the cerebellar cortex to other parts of the brain, for motion
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superior cerebellar peduncle
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connect the midbrain to the cerebellum
carries efferent instructions from the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex |
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middle cerebellar peduncle
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connect the pons to the cerebellum
carries efferent information from the cerebral cortex and pontine nuclei into the cerebellum |
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pontine nuclei
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relay brain nuclei in a path that connects a portion of the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum
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inferior cerebellar peduncle
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fiber tracts that connect the medulla to the cerebellum
carries afferent fibers from the vestibular nuclei (equilibrium) and spinal cord into the cerebellum |
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Diencephalon
(di en sef a lon) |
the third of the four main parts of the brain, forms the central core of the forebrain and is surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres
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Diencephalon
(di en sef a lon) consists of 3 paired structures, name then |
1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus 3) Epithalamus |
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thalamus
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egg shaped paired structure, with the 3rd ventricle in between, forms 80% of the diencephalon
coordinates communication between the 2 hemispheres |
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every part of the brain that communicates with the cerebral cortex must...
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relay its signal through the thalamus
Gateway to the cerebral cortex |
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anterior nuclei of the thalamus
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part of the limbic system, information relay
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medial nuclei of the thalamus
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conscious awareness of emotional state
integrate sensory information relay to frontal lobes |
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ventral nuclei of the thalamus
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relays info to and from central nuclei and cerebral cortex
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ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus
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relays sensory information
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ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus
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relays somatic information to and from primary motor cortex
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posterior nuclei: Pulvinar
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integrates sensory info to association areas
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posterior nuclei: lateral geniculate
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relays visual information
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posterior nuclei: medial geniculate
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relays auditory information to association areas
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lateral nuclei
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feedback, integrates emotional with sensory information
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hypothalamus
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"below the thalamus"
main visceral control center of the body |
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functions of the hypothalamus
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1) control autonomic nervous system
2) control emotional response 3) regulates body temp 4) regulates hunger/thirst sensations 5) control of motivational behavior 6) regulation of sleep/wake cycles 7) control of endocrine system 8) formation of memory |
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epithalamus
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forms part of the roof of the 3rd ventricle and contains one group of brain nuclei called pineal gland
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pineal glands
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produces and secretes melatonin
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cerebrum
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most rostral part of the brain, made up of 2 cerebral hemispheres and account for 83% of total brain mass
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longitudnal fissure
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separates the right and left halves of the cerebrum
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corpus callosum
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largest commisural fiber, interconnect corresponding gray areas allowing the 2 hemispheres to work together
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commissure
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connects corresponding gyri of the 2 hemispheres
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projection tracts
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connect more or less vertically
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association tracts
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connect on gyrus to another in the same hemisphere
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falx cerbri
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mid sagittal in longitudinal fissure
connects to crista galli (ethmoid) between cerebral hemispheres |
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cerebralspinal fluid
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circulates in sub arachnoid space and is reabsorbed into superior sagittal sinus by arachnoid villi
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arachnoid villi
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project through the dura mater into superior sagittal sinus and act as a valve
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cerebrospinal fluid functions
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1) "floats" the brain, abosrbs shock and cushions
2) transports nutrients, wastes and other chemicals |
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ependymal cells
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forms a simple epithelium that lines central cavity of the brain and spinal cord
selectively take blood components to form CSF |
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tentorium cerebelli
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"tent" covering the cerebellum
between the cerebellum and the cerebrum |
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cerebral cortex
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lobes named according to overlying skull bones
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primary motor cortex
pre-central |
controls voluntary motor movement |
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broca's area
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controls speech production
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visual cortex
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processes sensory info from the retina
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visual association area
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process visual info by analyzing color, form and movement
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auditory cortex
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processes sensory info from the cochlea
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auditory association area
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identifies sound, memories of past sounds
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primary sensory cortex (postcentral)
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processes sensory input from general somatic touches ( touch pain pressure temp)
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premotor cortex
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controls complex movement involving sensory feedback, planning of movements
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prefrontal cortex
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integrates input from all other association areas to plan and initiate motor responses
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cerebral nuclei
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gray matter internal to the cerebral cortex
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caudate nucleous
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deep to lateral ventricles, maintains the pattern and rhythm of movement
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amygadaloid nucleous
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almond shaped, partof the limbic system (emotional brain)
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claustrum
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focuses visual attention
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limbic system
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"emotional" brain, links conscious and unconscious functions
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reticular activating system
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determines levels of alertness
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decussation
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means crossing
crossing of structures, applies to axons that cross the body midline from right to left of the CNS (or visa versa) |
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basal ganglia or basal nuclei
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group of brain nuclei
gray matter deep to the cerebral cortex |
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function of basal ganglia
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1) modulate motor output from the cerebral cortex
2) subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone |
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pyramid
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carries voluntary motor output from the cerebrum to the spinal cord
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