5-Ear

Front 1

Name the forms of mechanical energy that the ear converts to electrical energy.

Back 1

vibration and acceleration or deceleration and gravitational changes

Front 2

Vibration is converted to an electrical signal for ____.

Back 2

hearing

Front 3

Acceleration/decelleration signals are converted to electrical signals containing what type of info?

Back 3

vestibular and balance

Front 4

Name the three main divisions to the ear.

Back 4

external, middle, and inner

Front 5

What does the external ear contain?

Back 5

tympanic membran and ear canal

Front 6

What is the function of the external ear?

Back 6

collect sounds

Front 7

What is in the middle ear?

Back 7

eustachian tube, mastoid air cells and ossicles

Front 8

What is the function of the middle ear?

Back 8

transmit vibration in air to the inner ear

Front 9

What is in the inner ear?

Back 9

vestibulocochlear organ

Front 10

What is the function of the inner ear?

Back 10

interpret different vibrations as nerve impulses and send them to the brain

Front 11

Which bones does the temporal bone articulate wtih?

Back 11

parietal, sphenoid, zygoma, frontal, maxilla, and mandibular

Front 12

Name the entrance to the ear canal.

Back 12

external auditory meatus

Front 13

What divides the skull's middle and posterior cranial fossae?

Back 13

ridges of the petrous portion of the temporal bone on the ineterior aspect of the skull

Front 14

Which muscles originate at the styoid process?

Back 14

stylohyoid m, stylopharyngeus m, styloglossus m

Front 15

What exits throught he stylomastoid foramen?

Back 15

branchial motor (SVE) component of CNVII

Front 16

Name the 4 bony parts of the temporal tone.

Back 16

squamosa (zygomatic process), mastoid, petrous and tympanic

Front 17

Name the major sutures of the temporal bone.

Back 17

tympanosquamous suture line (lateral portion)
typanomastoid suture line
petrotypmanic suture line

Front 18

What does the appendage of the exteranal ear do?

Back 18

collect sound

Front 19

What is the outer rim of the external ear called?

Back 19

helix

Front 20

What is the part of the ear without cartilage called?

Back 20

lobule

Front 21

What does the ear cartilage receive oxygen and nutrients from?

Back 21

overlying perichondrium

Front 22

If the cartilage is struck hard enough to cause a hematoma between the cartilage and perichondrium what can result?

Back 22

the cartilage will die and reduce in size (cauliflower ears)

Front 23

Name the extrinsic muscle of the ear. What innervates them?

Back 23

superior, anterior and posterior auricular muscles
CNVII

Front 24

What artery supplies the external ear?

Back 24

posterior auricular artery and superficial temporal artery off the external carotid artery

Front 25

Name the lymphatic drainage of the external ear.

Back 25

anterior (superficial) parotid, psterior auricualr, retromandibular and superficial cervical nodes which drain into the deep cervical lymph node chain

Front 26

What innervates the external ear?

Back 26

branch of the CNV3 (auriculotemporal nerve)
cervical plexus (C2,3) viea the greater auricular nerve does the greatest area
CN VII, IX, X do a small part

Front 27

What does the lateral 2/3 of the ear canal contain?

Back 27

cerumen glands (wax glands) and vibrissae (hair)

Front 28

Lateral 2/3 of ear-cartilagenous or bone?
medial 1/3?

Back 28

lateral-cartilagenous
medial-bone

Front 29

What is Fissures of Santorini?

Back 29

a deficiency of the ear, crevices or cracks in the cartilaginous canal anteriorly

Front 30

What can occur if there is an ear infection in Fissures of Santorini?

Back 30

infrection can be spread through the fissures to the preauricular or parotid region

Front 31

Innervation of the top portion of the canal is by which nerve?

Back 31

auriculotemporal-CNV3

Front 32

What innervates the bottom of the ear canal? What can this reflex when the ear is manipulated?

Back 32

a small branch fromt he vagus nerve, Arnold's nerve
cough reflex

Front 33

Describe the tympanic membrane (ear drum).

Back 33

cone-shaped, dime size, thin membrane

Front 34

Name the 3 layers of the tympanic membrane.

Back 34

squamous epithelium (latera), febrous layer w/ circular and radial fibers and mucous membrane (medial)

Front 35

What is the name of the fibrous ring that attaches the drum tot he canal?

Back 35

annulus

Front 36

Name the two divisions of the eardrum.

Back 36

pars tensa, pars flaccida

Front 37

Which part of the eardrum is fibrous?

Back 37

pars tensa

Front 38

What is myringotomy?

Back 38

when incisions in the eardrum (myringotomy) are made to place tubes (to equalize pressure) through the membrane

Front 39

Which part of the ear is often a site of cholesteatoma? What is cholesteatoma?

Back 39

pars flaccida
stratified squamous epithelial is misplaced within the typmainc cavity, often starts as invagination at the pars flaccidea where a bibrous layer is lacking

Front 40

Name the ossicles of the middle ear.

Back 40

malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup)

Front 41

Name the 3 portions of the middle ear.

Back 41

epitympanum (top), mesotympanum (middle), and hypotympanum (lower)

Front 42

What is the lateral part of the epitympanum?

Back 42

hard bone, the scutum; contains heads of ossicles and leads to mastoid air cells

Front 43

What does the mesotympanum contain?

Back 43

promontory, tympanic plexus, chorda tympani, main portion of ossicles, oval (vestibular) window and round (cochlear) window

Front 44

What is close to the hypotympanum?

Back 44

carotid artery and jugular bulb

Front 45

What is the opening of the middle ear?

Back 45

eustachian tube

Front 46

What is the function of the eustachian tube?

Back 46

equilibrates pressure of the closed middle ear w/ the air pressure in the nasal pharynx only during swallowing

Front 47

The eustachian tube slants from the ____ to the ____.

Back 47

middle ear to nasopharynx

Front 48

Which muscles pull on the cartilage of the auditory tube to transiently open the auditory tube during swallowing?

Back 48

salpinopharyngeus (medial) and tensor (veli) palatini (lateral) muscles

Front 49

What type of pressure develops in the middle ear if the eustachian tube is not transiently pulled open by muscles with each swallow?

Back 49

negative pressure

Front 50

What does the negative pressure in the middle ear do?

Back 50

pull mucous (along w/ virus and bacteria) and any fluid into the middle ear

Front 51

The middle ear connects to the ____ with ear swallow. What is the clinical significance of this?

Back 51

nasopharynx
infrans shouldn't be given a bottle while flat ont heir backs

Front 52

What is the roof of the middle ear?

Back 52

bone of middle cranial fossa or tegmen

Front 53

What makes up the floor of the middle ear?

Back 53

internal jugular vein confluence or bulb

Front 54

What binds the middle ear medially?

Back 54

promontory (first turn of cochlea) w/ tympanic plexus, fenestra vestibuli (oval window) and fenestra cochlea (round window)

Front 55

What is located laterally int he middle ear?

Back 55

eardrum and chorda tympani nerve

Front 56

What is located anteriorly in the middle ear?

Back 56

exit for eustachian tube and internal carotid artery

Front 57

What is located posteriorly in the middle ear?

Back 57

aditus to mastoid chamber or air cells (honeycomb like)

Front 58

What is otosclerosis?

Back 58

newly formed bone around the stapes foot plate leads to loss of vibration and thus progressive conduction deafness

Front 59

Name the 2 muscles of the middle ear.

Back 59

tensor tympani and stapedius

Front 60

What does the lenticular process of the incus articulate with?

Back 60

head of stapes

Front 61

What does the neck of the malleus attach to?

Back 61

tensor tympani m

Front 62

What runs medial to the neck of the malleus?

Back 62

chorda tympani

Front 63

What is the smallest bone int he body?

Back 63

stapes

Front 64

What does the neck of the stapes attach to?

Back 64

stapedius m

Front 65

What does the footplate attah to?

Back 65

oval window

Front 66

Which nerve innervates the tensor tympani muscle?

Back 66

CNV3

Front 67

What runs parallel to the tensor tympani m?

Back 67

eustachian tube

Front 68

What innervates the stapedius m?

Back 68

CNVII

Front 69

What reflexively happens to the middle ear muscles when presented w/ a loud sound?

Back 69

they contract, tightening the ossicular chain and protecting the inner ear from excessiv mechanical energy

Front 70

What is the function of the muscles of the inner ear?

Back 70

protect from loud noises

Front 71

What arteries supply the middle ear?

Back 71

external and internal caroid arteries

Front 72

Name the branches of the external crotid artery that supply the middle ear.

Back 72

stylomastoid artery-branch of post. auricular
inferior tympanic A-branch of ascending pharyngeal
anterior tympanic-branch of internal maxillary
petrosal-branch of middle meningeal

Front 73

Name the branch of the internal carotid that supplies the middle ear.

Back 73

caroticotympanic

Front 74

Sensory innervation to the middle ear is via ____.

Back 74

CNIX

Front 75

What is the entrance from the middle ear to the mastoid cells called?

Back 75

antrum

Front 76

Name the areas of the temporal bone where mastoid cells are located.

Back 76

squamosal and mastoid portions

Front 77

There is a correlation between recurrent ear infections and ____. The more infections, the more ____.

Back 77

mastoid aeration
sclerotic int he mastoid

Front 78

Name the three types of chambers.

Back 78

pneumatized (air cells), sclerotic diploic (marrow) and mixed

Front 79

Where is the inner ear located?

Back 79

petrous portion of temporal bone

Front 80

Name the 3 parts of the inner ear.

Back 80

otic capsule, osseous or perilymphatic labyrinth, and membranous or endolymphatic labyrinth

Front 81

What ist he outer bony portion of the inner ear called?

Back 81

otic capsule

Front 82

Name the 3 parts of the osseous or perilymphatic labyrinth.

Back 82

cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals

Front 83

What is the cochlea?

Back 83

hearing coil, contains final receptor organ in the cochlear duct

Front 84

What is the vestibule? What are the 2 membranous structures in contains?

Back 84

balance
utricle and saccule

Front 85

What is the semicircular canals for? What does it contain?

Back 85

balance
contain fluid, endolymp

Front 86

What does endolymp do?

Back 86

converts angular accelearation to a fluid movement

Front 87

What is Meniere's disease? Describe the symptoms.

Back 87

thought to be due to endolymphatic hydrops (excess production of endolymphatic fluid)
vertigo, nausea, tinnitus and progressive deafness

Front 88

Describe the process of hearing.

Back 88

sound vibrations set eardrum in motion
this vibrates the ossicular chain of the middle ear
these ossicles set in motion the perilymph
perilymph travels around cochlea which deflects a basement membrane
attached to BM are terminal nerve endings of cochlear nerve
the organ of Corti contains cells which depolarize and transmit nerve signal

Front 89

What does the cochlear duct surround?

Back 89

organ of Corti, semicircular canals, utricle and sccule and endolymphatic sac

Front 90

What divides the internal auditory canal into superior and inferior portions?

Back 90

transverse crest

Front 91

What nerve exit the internal auditory canal?

Back 91

VII and VIII

Front 92

With regards to the internal auditory canal
posterosuperiorly it contains ____
posterior inferiorly ___
anteriosuperiorly ____
anterioinferorly ____

Back 92

ps-superior vestibular N
pi-inferior vestibular n
as-facial n
ai-cochlear n

Front 93

What is acoustic neuroma?

Back 93

a benign Schwann cell tumor which myelinate CN VIII

Front 94

What can be disrupted by acousitic neuroma?

Back 94

acoustic and vestibular functions as well as functions of CNVII