4C Gram Negative Rods - 2Nd Half Of Pp (21-36)

Front 1

Anaerobes and capnophiles (5)

Back 1

1) Bacteroides fragilis

2) Provetella intermedia

3) Fusobacteria

4) Porphyromonas gingivalis

5) Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Capnophilic)

Front 2

Capnophiles like...

Back 2

High CO2

Front 3

Bacteroides fragilis habitat

Back 3

Normal flora in its natural habitat of lower intestine

Front 4

Bacteroides fragilis is what kind of pathogen

Back 4

Opportunistic - Can cause serious disease in other places than natural habitat

Front 5

Virulent trait of Bacteroides fragilis

Back 5

Antibiotic resistant

Front 6

Unique characteristic of Bacteroides fragilis

Back 6

Very foul smell (like all anaerobes)

Front 7

Provetella intermedia / Fusobacteria disease

Back 7

Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG)

Front 8

Another organism that can be found in NUG

Back 8

Treponema sp.

Front 9

NUG

Back 9

Localized tissue death (necrosis) infection of gingival tissue (gingivitis) or it can be combined with bone loss (periodontitis)

Front 10

NUG was formerly known as

Back 10

Trench mouth or Vincent's infection

Front 11

NUG's onset

Back 11

Sudden - but is a progression of chronic periodontal infections

Front 12

Sign of NUG

Back 12

Pseudomembrane - gray layer of tissue that covers the necrotic areas of gingiva

Front 13

Symptoms of NUG

Back 13

1) Fever

2) Malaise

3) Swollen lymph nodes

Front 14

Predisposing factors of NUG (5)

Back 14

1) Cigarette smoking (lowers O2 levels in mouth)

2) Personal stress

3) Poor nutrition

4) Fatigue

5) Immune dysfunction

Front 15

Porphyromonas gingivalis disease (and about)

Back 15

Periodontitis - frequently isolated from very aggressive forms of periodontitis (early onset forms)

Front 16

Characteristic of Porphyromonas gingivalis colonies

Back 16

Black pigmented colonies

Front 17

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans disease

Back 17

Localized juvenile periodontitis - occurs in teenagers

Front 18

Requirement for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

Back 18

Capnophilic - likes high CO2

Front 19

Transmission of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

Back 19

Frequently also found in other family members from transmission

Front 20

Virulent factor of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

Back 20

Produces a leukotoxin that prevents phagocytes from acting - allows dz. to progress rapidly

Front 21

Bacteria and dental disease

Back 21

Oral cavity is a complex, dynamic ecosystem containing 400 species

Front 22

Dental disease and link to other diseases

Back 22

Dental disease increases the opportunity for organisms to enter the blood stream and affect other areas of the body (esp. the heart and bone)

Front 23

Formation of dental caries (5 steps)

Back 23

1) Strep organisms cling to tooth surfaces by means of adhesive receptors and form a foundation for the biofilm = plaque

2) As the primary invaders (Strep) build on tooth surfaces they aggregate with Actinomyces

3) Plaque biofilm thickens and secondary invaders join

4) If plaque is not removed from areas that trap food, Strep ferments the carbs and produces acid as a by - product

5) Acid dissolves the enamel in that spot on the tooth

Front 24

Secondary invaders of dental caries (5)

Back 24

1) Lactobacillus

2) Bacteroides

3) Fusobacterium

4) Porphyromonas

5) Treponema

Front 25

Periodontal disease is a dz. of what tiss.

Back 25

Soft tissue disease

Front 26

How periodontal disease occurs

Back 26

1) When plaque becomes calcified into calculus above and below the gingiva, it irritates the tender gingiva and causes inflammation = gingivitis

2) Spaces / pockets develop between tooth and gingiva are invaded by bacteria - specifically spirochetes and gram negative bacteria

3) When tooth socket becomes involved it is considered peridontitis

Front 27

Spirochetes (3 organisms)

Back 27

1) Treponema pallidum

2) Treponema vincentii

3) Borrelia burgdorferi

Front 28

Treponema pallidum disease

Back 28

Syphilis

Front 29

Shape of Treponema pallidum

Back 29

Spirochete; tightly coiled

Front 30

Treponema pallidum is unable to live

Back 30

For a long time outside of a host

Front 31

Syphilis transmission (3)

Back 31

1) Sexually transmitted

2) transplacental

3) 10% through extragenital lesion

Front 32

Stages of syphilis

Back 32

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Front 33

Primary syphilis signs / progression (3)

Back 33

1) Primary lesion appears following initial contact with the organism

2) Produces a localized ulcer called a chancre

3) Chancre spontaneously heals when pathogen moves into the blood

Front 34

Characteristics of a chancre (3)

Back 34

1) The base is hard (hard chancre)

2) Filled with the organism

3) Fluid in chancre is highly contagious

Front 35

Secondary syphilis signs / progression (4)

Back 35

1) Secondary lesions appear about 2-10 weeks after the first lesions heal

2) Organisms remain and are transported through the body while multiplying in the blood

3) Lesions appear on skin, mucous membranes, eyes, bones, CNS

4) Rash disappears spontaneously

Front 36

Transmission of syphilis through lesions (2)

Back 36

1) Primary and secondary lesions are swarming with treponemes which causes disease to be transmitted during these stages

2) Direct contact with the lesions can result in non-sexually acquired syphilis (esp. in secondary syphilis)

Front 37

Tertiary syphilis signs / progression (3)

Back 37

1) Occurs 5-40 years after initial contact

2) Lesions can occur in central nervous system ->causing insanity or cardiovascular system -> causing aortic aneurysm

3) Gummas may develop

Front 38

Gummas and where they can be found

Back 38

Painful, swollen syphilitic tumors

(Can be found on liver, skin, bone, cartilege)

Front 39

Tertiary syphilis and vision

Back 39

Damage to the nerves that control the iris causes fixed pupils

Front 40

At secondary syphilis ... there are 3 pathways for patient

Back 40

1) 1/4 = true cure

2) 1/4 = retain latent infection for life

3) 1/2 = progression to tertiary syphilis

Front 41

Ability of Treponema pallidum

Back 41

Can pass through the placenta and infect fetus

Front 42

Results of Treponema pallidum infecting fetus (2)

Back 42

1) Death

2) Congenital syphilis with varied consequences (a number of abnormalities)

Front 43

Symptoms of congenital syphilis (4)

Back 43

1) Nasal discharge

2) Skin eruptions

3) Bone deformation (Hutchinson's teeth = notched, barrel shaped teeth)

4) Nervous system abnormalities

Front 44

Diagnosis of syphilis in primary and secondary stages (2)

Back 44

1) Darkfield microscopy

2) Serology (AB testing)

Front 45

Diagnosis of syphilis in tertiary syphilis

Back 45

Serology

Front 46

Treatment of syphilis

Back 46

All 3 stages can be treated with Penicillin G (but cannot help the damage that's been done)

-Now Cephalosporins are used

Front 47

Treponema vincentii

Back 47

Contributes to Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)

Front 48

ANUG is a synergistic infection with what other 2 organisms?

Back 48

1) Provetella

2) Fusobacterium

Front 49

Borrelia burgdorferi disease

Back 49

Lyme disease

Front 50

Transmission of lyme disease

Back 50

Tick - specifically the black legged deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)

Front 51

Lifecycle of B. burgdorferi

Back 51

Complex lifecycle involving mice and deer and transmitted by ticks

Front 52

Life cycle of tick (3 stages and reservoir or incidental hosts of each stage)

Back 52

*Egg deposited in early spring

1) Larvae: Eats its 1st blood meal in the late summer or fall and becomes infected

Reservoir host: Birds, small mammals

2) Nymph: Eats its 2nd blood meal in spring or early summer (aggressive feeding stage)

Reservoir host: Birds, small mammals, deer

Incidental host: dogs, horses, humans

3) Adult: Eats its 3rd blood meal in fall or spring

Reservoir host: Deer

Incidental host: Dogs, horses humans

Front 53

Transmission of lyme disease to humans

Back 53

Requires sustained attachment of an infected tick

Front 54

If a tick has been attached to a human for over 72 hours...what is the % that person will contract lyme's disease?

Back 54

0-3%

Front 55

Symptoms of early infection in Lyme's disease appear when?

Back 55

Days to weeks after infection

Front 56

Symptoms of early infection (3)

Back 56

1) Cutaneous - erythema migrans (lesions / rash) at the site of infection

2) Secondary lesions appear due to spread of the organism in the blood

3) Also: headache, stiff neck, fever, chills, migratory musculoskeletal pain, malaise, fatigue

Front 57

About symptoms of Lyme's disease

Back 57

Very different in ppl because disease presents itself differently

Front 58

Importance of symptoms in Lyme's disease

Back 58

Diagnosis is often based on signs / symptoms because lab tests are not very good

Front 59

Disseminated infection with Lyme's disease can occur when?

Back 59

Weeks to months after early infection - if not treated or treated too laet

Front 60

Symptoms of disseminated infection with Lyme's disease

Back 60

Symptoms can be:

1) Neurologic

2) Cardiac

3) Ocular

4) Cutaneous

5) Rheumatic

Front 61

Even more complications of disseminated infection with Lyme's disease and percentage of cases (4)

Back 61

10-15% of untreated patients develop:

1) meningoencephalitis (inflamm. of brain tiss/memb.)

2) Cranial or peripheral neuritis (nerve inflamm.)

3) Bell's palsy (lesion of facial nerve which distorts 1 side of the face)

4-8% develop:

4) Lyme carditis

Front 62

Symptoms of persistent infection with Lyme's disease appear when?

Back 62

Weeks to years later when disease is left untreated

Front 63

Symptoms of persistent infection with Lyme's disease (3)

Back 63

1) Rheumatic

2) Late neuropsychiatric symptoms (involving mind and nervous system)

3) Cutaneous symptoms

Front 64

Half of all patients with untreated Lyme borreliosis will develop...

Back 64

Relapsing arthritis

Front 65

Diagnosis for Lyme's disease and about (3)

Back 65

Serology:

1) IgG detected 3-6 weeks following infection

2) Antibodies are not necessarily protective against reinfection

3) Can get false positives (not very accurate)

Front 66

Treatment for Lyme's disease

Back 66

Treatment varies with stage of disease and symptoms can persist even after treatment from the damage that's been done

Front 67

Prevention for contraction of Lyme's disease (4)

Back 67

1) Wear light colored clothing with pant legs tucked in

2) inspect for ticks

3) avoid grassy areas and rodent nesting areas

4) use tick repellents

Front 68

Removing ticks (5)

Back 68

1) Remove with forceps or tweezers

2) Grasp as close to skin as possible

3) Don't crush the tick

4) Remove mouth parts

5) Disinfect the area

Front 69

Unusual prokaryotes (2)

Back 69

1) Chlamydiae

2) Mycoplasma

Front 70

Chlamydiae requirements

Back 70

Obligate intracellular parasites

Front 71

Unusual fact about Chlamydiae

Back 71

They have an unusual life cycle with 2 distinct stages

Front 72

2 Stages of Chlamydiae life cycle

Back 72

1) Elementary bodies- metabolically inactive, infectious form

2) Reticulate bodies - noninfectious, actively dividing form

Front 73

Infectious stage of chlamydiae

Back 73

Elementary bodies

Front 74

About reticulate body (2)

Back 74

1) Form that exists inside of an animal cell and divides to increase the cell number

2) Reform into elementary bodies and are liberated from cell to infect others

Front 75

Chlamydia trachomatis diseases (2)

Back 75

1) Diseases of the eye

2) Sexually transmitted diseases

Front 76

Diseases of the eye with Chlamydia trachomatis (2)

Back 76

1) Trachoma

2) Inclusion conjunctivitis

Front 77

Trachoma (prevalence and transmission)

Back 77

1) Major cause of blindness in some parts of the world

2) Spread by fingers, fomites, and flies

Front 78

Inclusion conjunctivitis (what it is and transmission)

Back 78

1) Inflammation of conjunctiva (membrane that lines/covers eye)

2) Usually acquired through secretions of an infected genitourinary tract

Front 79

Sexually transmitted diseases with Chlamydia trachomatis (2)

Back 79

1) Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)

2) Lymphogranuloma venereum

Front 80

Nongonococcal urethritis (2 About)

Back 80

1) Urethritis caused by an organism other than gonorrhea

2) Syndrome among males with chlamydial infections

Front 81

NGU and asymptomatic carriers

Back 81

There are many asymptomatic carriers and this is a rapidly growing problem in the US

Front 82

Lymphogranuloma venereum (4 about)

Back 82

1) Virulent strain of Chlamydia

2) Chronically infects genitourinary tract

3) Lesion accompanied by other symptoms (headache, fever, m. aches)

4) Causes nearby lymph nodes to fill with granuloma cells which enlarge and become tender

Front 83

Mycoplasma primary characteristic

Back 83

No cell wall

Front 84

Ability of Mycoplasma

Back 84

Very pleomorphic

Front 85

Requirement of Mycoplasma

Back 85

Require cholesterol (sterols) for growth

Front 86

Fact about Mycoplasma

Back 86

Smallest bacteria known that can grow and reproduce outside of a living host cell

Front 87

Diseases of Mycoplasma

Back 87

1) STD (often a co-infector with chlamydia)

2) Atypical pneumonia

Front 88

Atypical pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Back 88

= Walking pneumonia

-Symptoms don't resemble those of pneumococcal pneumonia