4. Water, Electrolyte, Acid-Base, And Hemodynamic Disorders

Front 1

Isotonic loss or gain:

Back 1

serum Na+ normal

Front 2

Hypotonic disorders:

Back 2

hyponatremia always present; ICF expansion

Front 3

Isotonic loss:

Back 3

Normal, decrease TBNa+, decrease TBW. Adult diarrhea, loss of whole blood

Front 4

Isotonic gain:

Back 4

Normal, increase TBNa+, increase TBW. Excessive isotonic (normal) saline.

Front 5

Hypertonic loss of Na+:

Back 5

Decreased, double decrease TBNa+, decrease TBW. Loop diuretics, Addison's disease, 21-hydroxylase deficiency

Front 6

Gain of Water:

Back 6

Decreased, TBNa+, double increase TBW. SIADH.

Front 7

Hypotonic gain of Na+:

Back 7

Decreased, increase TBNa+, double increase TBW. Right-sided heart failure, CIrrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome

Front 8

Pitting endema states:

Back 8

right-sided heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome

Front 9

Hypertonic disorder:

Back 9

hypernatremia or hyperglycemia; ICF contraction

Front 10

Hypotonic loss of Na+:

Back 10

Increased, deacrease TBNa+, double decrease TBW. Osmotic diuresis: glucose, sweating, infant diarrhea.

Front 11

Loss of Water:

Back 11

Increased, TBNa+, double decrease TBW. Insensible water loss: fever, Diabetes insipidus

Front 12

Hypertonic gain of Na+:

Back 12

Increased, double increase TBNa+, increase TBW, infusion of a Na+ containing antibiotic, Infusion of NaHCO3

Front 13

Hyperglycemia:

Back 13

Increase, increase glucose, Decrease Na+ (dilutional effect). Diabetic ketoacidosis, Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma

Front 14

Hypokalemia:

Back 14

ECG shows U wave

Front 15

Hyperkalemia:

Back 15

ECG shows peaked T waves

Front 16

Increase AG metabolic acidosis:

Back 16

anions of acid replace HCO3-

Front 17

Normal AG metabolic acidosis:

Back 17

CI- anions replace HCO3-

Front 18

Salicylate intoxication:

Back 18

often mixture of primary metabolic acidosis and primary respiratory alkalosis

Front 19

Pitting endema:

Back 19

transudate; increase hydrostatic pressure and/or decrease oncotic pressure

Front 20

T-cell cytokines stimulate:

Back 20

Fibroblasts to synthesize glycosaminoglycans

Front 21

Increase AG metabolic acidosis:

Back 21

anions of acid replace HCO3-

Front 22

Normal AG metabolic acidosis:

Back 22

CI- anions replace HCO3-

Front 23

Salicylate intoxication:

Back 23

often mixture of primary metabolic acidosis and primary respiratory alkalosis

Front 24

Pitting endema:

Back 24

transudate; increase hydrostatic pressure and/or decrease oncotic pressure

Front 25

T-cell cytokines stimulate:

Back 25

Fibroblasts to synthesize glycosaminoglycans

Front 26

Amniotic fluid embolism:

Back 26

abrupt onset dyspnea, hypotension, bleeding (DIC)

Front 27

Decompression sickness:

Back 27

nitrogen gas bubbles acclude vessel lumens

Front 28

Pneumothorax and pulmonary embolism:

Back 28

complications of scuba diving

Front 29

Hypovolemic shock:

Back 29

decrease CO, decrease LVEDP, increase PVR, increase TPR, decrease MVO2

Front 30

Cardiogenic shock:

Back 30

increase CO, increase LVEDP, increase PVR, increase TPR, decrease MVO2

Front 31

Septic shock:

Back 31

most often caused by sepsis due to E. coli

Front 32

Septick shock (initial phase):

Back 32

increase CO, decrease LEVDP, decrease PVR, decrease TPR, increase MVO2