342: Test 4:cross Cultural Psycology

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Harry Triandis

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author of "The Self and Social Behavior in Cultural Contexts"

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three types of self (Triandis)

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private, public, and collective self

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Triandis hypothesis

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people sample private, public, and collective self with different probabilities in different cultures, which has consequences for social behavior

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social identity (Triandis)

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part of individual's self concept derived from membership in group

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cultural complexity (Triandis)

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number of distinguishable elements

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integration (Triandis)

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the extent a change in one element changes few versus many elements

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three measures of cultures (Triandis)

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cultural complexity; individualism/collectivism; tight/loose

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individualists (Triandis)

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priority to personal goals

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collectivists (Triandis)

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no distinction between personal and collective goals, or if there is a distinction, emphasizes collective

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power distance (Triandis)

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tendency to see a large difference between those with power and those without power; high in collectivist societies

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idiocentrics (Triandis)

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individuals that are individualistic

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allocentrics (Triandis)

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individuals that are collectivist

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tight cultures (Triandis)

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clear norms reliably imposed, little deviation tolerated

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loose cultures (Triandis)

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unclear norms or tolerate deviance

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Triandis conclusion

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sampling collective self more common in communal relationship; collective and tight cultures sampled public self; kind of self is a major determinant of social behavior

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Markus & Kitayama

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authors of "A Collective Fear of the Collective: Implications for Selves and Theories of Selves"

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Markus & Kitayama theory

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Japan emphasizes interdependence of self as individual and as collective self; America emphasizes independence of collective and individual self

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ethnicity of "none" (Markus & Kitayama)

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privilege of group in power; ethnicity and heritage not as central to identity because part of majority