Cross-Cultural And Indigenous Psychology Ch 19

Front 1

culture

Back 1

The shared rules that govern the behaviour of a group of people and enable the members of that group to co-exist and survive (p. 767)

Front 2

enculturation

Back 2

The process of absorbing and internalising the rules of the culture we live in (p. 768)

Front 3

cultural psychologists

Back 3

Psychologists who study the ways in which people are affected by the culture they live in (p. 768)

Front 4

cross-cultural psychologists

Back 4

Psychologists who compare the similarities and differences in behaviour across different societies or cultures (p. 768)

Front 5

emic perspective

Back 5

a research approach that involves focusing on a specific cultural group and examining particular psychological aspects of that group (p. 768)

Front 6

etic perspective

Back 6

A research approach that involves the search for commonalities or differences across cultures (p. 768)

Front 7

cross-cultural comparison studies

Back 7

Research that involves comparing two or more different cultures in relation to a particular psychological variable (p. 769)

Front 8

cross-cultural validation studies

Back 8

Research that examines whether a psychological variable in one culture can be applied and have meaning in another culture (p. 769)

Front 9

unpackaging studies

Back 9

Studies that try to explain why cultural differences occur, looking at the range of variables that might account for divergence in a particular aspect (p. 769)

Front 10

matched samples

Back 10

Samples in which individuals from one culture reflect the same characteristics of individuals from another culture (p. 769)

Front 11

individualism–collectivism continuum

Back 11

A dimension of culture measured by the extent to which cultures favour individual goals compared with communal goals (p. 770)

Front 12

Reciprocity.

Back 12

The researcher needs to respect the values and cultures of the people involved and balance the benefits to be gained against any potential risks to participants.

Front 13

Respect.

Back 13

The researcher needs to affirm the right of people to have different beliefs, customs and aspirations, and show regard for their personal welfare and cultural heritage.

Front 14

Equality.

Back 14

The researcher needs to appreciate and respect cultural differences, treating all participants as equals.

Front 15

Responsibility.

Back 15

The researcher needs to work with the people and communities involved, ensuring that the research does no harm to participants or to their cultural belief systems.

Front 16

Survival and protection.

Back 16

The research needs to reinforce the strong social and cultural bonds between indigenous people and their communities, respecting their right to assert a cultural distinctiveness.

Front 17

Spirit and integrity.

Back 17

An overarching value is that the research respects and unites the values and integrity of indigenous people and communities with their cultural heritage.

Front 18

monochronic cultures

Back 18

Cultures in which time is divided into linear segments and closely regulated (p. 772)

Front 19

polychronic cultures

Back 19

Cultures in which time is much more fluid and less closely regulated (p. 772)

Front 20

cultural display rules

Back 20

The theory that cultures differ in relation to rules on the appropriateness of displaying certain emotions in particular social circumstances (p. 772)

Front 21

Intimate space.

Back 21

This is the closest ‘bubble’ of space surrounding a person. Getting this close to a person is normally acceptable only for close friends, lovers and family.

Front 22

Social and consultative space.

Back 22

This refers to the amount of space people feel comfortable with when interacting socially with acquaintances as well as strangers.

Front 23

Public space.

Back 23

This refers to the distance apart at which people find it hard to interact with others, or perceive interactions as largely impersonal.

Front 24

conversational distance

Back 24

How close people stand to each other when they are talking (p. 773)

Front 25

high-context cultures

Back 25

Cultures that pay close attention to non-verbal signs like body language and conversational difference to decode the real meaning behind words or actions (p. 773)

Front 26

low-context cultures

Back 26

Cultures that pay close attention to what people actually say or do and interpret that literally, without as much regard to the accompanying circumstances (p. 773)

Front 27

tight cultures

Back 27

Cultures in which group members are expected to closely adhere to cultural norms and expectations (p. 773)

Front 28

loose cultures

Back 28

Cultures in which norms are unclear or deviance from norms is tolerated (p. 773)

Front 29

individualist cultures

Back 29

Cultures that emphasise the primacy of the individual over the group (p. 774)

Front 30

collectivist cultures

Back 30

Cultures that emphasise the group over individuals (p. 774)

Front 31

multiculturalism

Back 31

A situation where multiple cultures exist within a country and where the number of inhabitants representing those minority cultures is significant (p. 775)

Front 32

pluralism

Back 32

A situation where there is general acceptance not just of the existence of many different cultural and ethnic groups but also of their right to retain their cultural heritage and coexist (p. 776)

Front 33

culture shock

Back 33

The feeling of disorientation and anxiety that occurs as people from one culture encounter and adapt to the practices, rules and expectations of another culture (p. 779)

Front 34

The honeymoon phase

Back 34

initial euphoria and excitement.

Front 35

The disenchantment phase

Back 35

disillusionment and even hostility towards the new culture as values and habits conflict with local attitudes and beliefs.

Front 36

The beginning resolution phase

Back 36

recovery as confidence and understanding of the new culture grows.

Front 37

The effective functioning stage

Back 37

adjustment as the individual learns how to fit into the new cultural environment.

Front 38

acculturation

Back 38

The changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come into contact with another culture. It can also mean competence in a second culture without complete acceptance. (p. 781)

Front 39

assimilation

Back 39

(In cultural psychology) acculturation that involves absorption into the dominant culture and abandonment of the traditional culture (p. 781)

Front 40

fusion

Back 40

Acculturation that involves combining two cultures to form a new culture (p. 781)

Front 41

alternation

Back 41

Acculturation that involves bicultural competence (p. 781)

Front 42

ethnicity

Back 42

The characteristic of shared geographic, language, cultural and religious origins (p. 781)

Front 43

ethnic identity

Back 43

The characteristic whereby members of an ethnic group identify ‘us’ in relation to ‘them’ using aspects of shared culture, language or religion (p. 781)

Front 44

personal identity

Back 44

A sense of who we are as individuals (p. 781)

Front 45

social identity

Back 45

Our sense of belonging to a larger group (p. 782)

Front 46

sex

Back 46

The biological attributes that differentiate males from females (p. 782)

Front 47

gender

Back 47

The psychological meaning of being male or female; the roles and behaviours that cultures deem appropriate for men and women (pp. 507, 782)

Front 48

xenophobia

Back 48

The fear or hatred of foreigners, or anything foreign and unfamiliar (p. 783)

Front 49

cultural stereotypes

Back 49

Generalised views that we hold about particular groups of people — the belief that all members of a particular cultural group share common traits or behaviours (p. 783)

Front 50

Stereotypes accentuate group differences.

Back 50

Us–them thinking (chapter 17) results in people focusing on the differences between cultural groups and ignoring the similarities that exist between them.

Front 51

Stereotypes create selective thinking.

Back 51

People only see what reinforces the cultural stereotype and reject any perceptions that do not fit.

Front 52

Stereotypes assume homogeneity in other groups.

Back 52

People recognise dissimilarity between members of their own cultural group but assume that all members of another culture behave the same way.

Front 53

ethnocentrism

Back 53

The tendency for a person's own culture to influence the way they view the rest of the world (p. 784)

Front 54

prejudice

Back 54

Judging people based on negative stereotypes (pp. 693, 784)

Front 55

racial prejudice

Back 55

Negative stereotypes about members of another racial group or a cultural practice (p. 784)

Front 56

racism

Back 56

The pervasive and systematic assumption of the inferiority of certain groups and the different and unfair treatment of those groups on the basis of that assumed inferiority (p. 785)

Front 57

discrimination

Back 57

The behavioural component of prejudiced attitudes (pp. 693, 785)

Front 58

Reducing predjudice-The macro level.

Back 58

Federal and state governments should lead the way in the form of legislation, policy and funding aimed at reducing the incidence of racism. Public statements that condemn racism should be put forward in the media to promote social change.

Front 59

Reducing predjudice-The institutional level.

Back 59

Institutions, professions and community groups should review their own policies and practices on racism and conduct anti-racism training programs that promote intercultural understanding.

Front 60

Reducing predjudice-Psychology.

Back 60

The discipline and profession of psychology should formally rebut any assertion that reinforces attribution biases or any statement that asserts racial superiority or inferiority on any psychological attribute. APS accredited programs in undergraduate psychology should include courses on cross-cultural issues.

Front 61

Reducing predjudice-Individual.

Back 61

Individuals can contribute by becoming active members of groups that encourage tolerance and committing a certain amount of time to these issues.

Front 62

contact hypothesis

Back 62

The hypothesis that the more contact there is between people from different groups, the more they will break down any barriers or prejudices (p. 787)

Front 63

discursive psychology

Back 63

An approach to psychology that treats spoken and written text as contributing to the construction of people's reality, not just a reflection of underlying cognition (p. 787)

Front 64

indigenous people

Back 64

The original inhabitants of a land or country (p. 788)

Front 65

indigenous psychology

Back 65

Promotes psychologies that are not imposed; that are influenced by the cultural contexts in which people live; that are developed from within the culture; and that result in locally relevant psychological knowledge (p. 788)

Front 66

Aboriginality

Back 66

(Australian government definition) An Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person is a person of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent, who identifies as such and is accepted as such by the community in which they live (p. 795)

Front 67

Maori identity

Back 67

lived as separate iwi, which can be loosely translated to mean ‘tribes’. Within the iwi were further social divisions — hapu, a sub-tribal grouping, and whanau, extended family groupings.

Front 68

Marae

Back 68

the communal meeting place. Marae traditions still remain strong today.

Front 69

Pakeha

Back 69

Non-Maori (p. 803)

Front 70

kinesics

Back 70

The use of gestures, movements and facial expressions (p. 810)

Front 71

oculesics

Back 71

The use of eye movements and eye contact (p. 810)

Front 72

haptics

Back 72

The use of touch to accompany communication (p. 810)

Front 73

proxemics

Back 73

The use of space between people while communicating (p. 810)

Front 74

chronemics

Back 74

The use of time in communication (p. 810)

Front 75

vocalics

Back 75

The use of vocal cues such as pitch, volume and tempo (p. 810)

Front 76

social constructionism

Back 76

The postmodern theory that there are no universal truths because people are continually constructing knowledge based on their own individual and cultural experiences (p. 811)

Front 77

Sapir–Whorf hypothesis

Back 77

A hypothesis that suggests that speakers of different languages actually think differently, and do so because of the differences in their languages (p. 812)

Front 78

cultural competence

Back 78

A person's effectiveness in communicating and behaving appropriately with people from another culture, both in terms of understanding and being understood (p. 814)

Front 79

(Burton, Lorelle. Psychology: Australian and New Zealand Edition, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons Australia, p. G-5).

Back 79

(Burton, Lorelle. Psychology: Australian and New Zealand Edition, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons Australia, p. G-5).

Front 80

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Back 80

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