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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ribozymes |
Catalysts that are not used up in reactions |
|
Redox reactions |
Molecule loses electrons is oxidized Molecule gains electrons is reduced |
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When is redox used |
Photosynthesis, respiration, fermentation |
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Process of going from NAD+ to NADH is |
Reduction |
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Substrate level phosphorylation |
When P is transfered from a phosphorylated compound to ADP |
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Oxidative phosphorylation |
Electrons are transfered from NADH to electron carriers |
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Carb catabolism has what steps |
Gylcolysis Krebs cycle ETC |
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Glycolysis |
Oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid that produces NADH and ATP |
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End products of glycolysis |
2 pyruvate, 2 net ATP (4 gross), 2 NADH |
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Acetyl coA is used by |
Aerobes |
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Krebs cycle products |
2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2 |
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Chemiosmosis |
Carrier molecules take FADH2 and NADH to make ATP |
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Aerobic respiration |
Final electron acceptor is O2, produces water |
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Anaerobic respiration |
Final electron acceptor is not O2 |
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Net of 1 glucose is |
4 ATP 10 NADH 2 FADH 38 ATP |
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Pentose phosphate pathway |
Metabolism of 5 carbon sugars, generates glucose-6-phosphate |
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Fermentation factors |
1. Release energy from sugars 2. Does not require O2 3. Does not use TCA or ETS 4. Organic molecule is terminal acceptor (never inorganic) 5. Produces small amounts of ATP |
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Fermentation steps |
1. Gylcolysis yields 2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, 2 NADH 2. pyruvic acid converted into end product NADH - - > NAD |
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Byproducts of fermentation |
CO2, alcohol, acids |
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Lipid catabolism |
Use lypase to break a lipid to use for energy |
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Deamination |
Removal of amine group H2N, produce organic acids |
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Decarboxylation |
Removal of COOH group, produce organic acids |
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Protein catabolism |
Break into reusable amino acids for gylcolysis and TCA cycle |
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Phototrophs |
Use carbon fixation |
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Carbon fixation |
CO2 + H2O + LIGHT = glucose + 6O2 |
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Light reactions |
Energy from the sun makes NAD+ into NADH inside thylakoids |
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Dark reactions |
NADH electrons and ATP reduce CO2 into sugar and O2 in stroma |
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Polysaccharide biosynthesis |
Storage of glucose as glycogen |
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Amino acid biosynthesis |
Take intermediates out of gylcolysis to make amino acids |
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Nucleic acid biosynthesis |
Draws from pentose phosphate pathway |
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Lipid biosynthesis |
Glycerol derived from gylcolysis intermediates, Fatty acids derived from acetyl coA |
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Transamination |
If an amine group comes from a pre existing amino acid |
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Catabolism |
Breakdown, requires water, exergonic |
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Anabolism |
Build up, requires energy, endergonic |
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Allosteric |
Noncompetitive |
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Feedback inhibition |
Uses the enzyme product as the inhibitor |