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203 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"Seventy percent of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests occur in _________." |
The home. Part 1, pg. 1 |
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"About ___________ [of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests] are unwitnessed." |
Half. Part 1, pg. 1 |
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"Only about 10% of adult patients with nontraumatic cardiac arrest who are treated by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) survive to _____________." |
Hospital discharge Part 1, pg. 1 |
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Definition of Adults |
Adolescents (i.e., after the onset of puberty) and older. Part 1, pg. 2 |
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Definition of Children |
1 year of age to puberty. Part 1, pg. 2 |
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Definition of Infants |
Less than 1 year of age (excluding newly born infants in the delivery room). Part 1, pg. 2 |
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"Start compressions within _______ seconds of recognition of cardiac arrest." |
10 seconds Part 1, pg. 3 |
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"Compress at a rate of _____________..." |
100 to 120/min Part 1, pg. 3 |
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"Compress...with a depth of __________ for adults." |
At least 2 inches (5 cm) Part 1, pg. 3 |
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"Compress...with a depth of ________ for children." |
At least one third the depth of the chest, about 2 inches (5 cm) Part 1, pg. 3 |
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"Compress...with a depth of ___________ for infants." |
At least one third the depth of the chest, about 1 1/2 inches (4 cm) Part 1, pg. 3 |
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"Allow ______________ after each compression." |
Complete chest recoil Part 1, pg. 3 |
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"...try to limit interruptions to less than ______________." |
10 seconds Part 1, pg. 3 |
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"Give effective breaths that ______________." |
Make the chest rise Part 1, pg. 3 |
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"Avoid ___________ ventilation." |
Excessive Part 1, pg. 3 |
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"...research suggests that compression depth greater than ______________ in adults may cause injuries." |
2.4 inches (6 cm) Part 1, pg. 3 |
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First link in the Chain of Survival for IHCA |
Surveillance, prevention, and treatment of prearrest conditions Part 1, pg. 5 |
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Second link in the Chain of Survival for IHCA |
Immediate recognition of cardiac arrest and activation of the emergency response system Part 1, pg. 5 |
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Third link in the Chain of Survival for IHCA |
Early CPR with an emphasis on chest compressions Part 1, pg. 5 |
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Fourth link in the Chain of Survival for IHCA |
Rapid defibrillation Part 1, pg. 5 |
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Fifth link in the Chain of Survival for IHCA |
Multidisciplinary post-cardiac arrest care Part 1, pg. 5 |
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First link in the Chain of Survival for OHCA |
Immediate recognition of cardiac arrest and activation of the emergency response system Part 1, pg. 6 |
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Second link in the Chain of Survival for OHCA |
Early CPR with an emphasis on chest compressions Part 1, pg. 6 |
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Third link in the Chain of Survival for OHCA |
Rapid defibrillation with an AED Part 1, pg. 6 |
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Fourth link in the Chain of Survival for OHCA |
Effective advanced life support (including rapid stabilization and transport to post-cardiac arrest care) Part 1, pg. 6 |
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Fifth link in the Chain of Survival for OHCA |
Multidisciplinary post-cardiac arrest care Part 1, pg. 6 |
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"In children, cardiac arrest is often secondary to ___________ and ___________." |
-Respiratory failure -Shock Part 1, pg. 9 |
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"...a _________ link is added in the pediatric Chain of Survival." |
Prevention Part 1, pg. 9 |
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"____________ occurs when the heart develops an abnormal rhythm and can't pump blood." |
Sudden cardiac arrest Part 1, pg. 9 |
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"A _____________ occurs when blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked." |
Heart attack Part 1, pg. 9 |
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"Nearly _______________ out-of-hospital cardiac arrests occur annually in the United States." |
360,000 Part 1, pg. 10 |
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Review 1.1: In which locations do most out-of-hospital cardiac arrests occur? a. Healthcare clinics b. Homes c. Recreational facilities d. Shopping centers |
b. Homes Part 1, pg. 11 |
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Review 1.2: Which is the most common cause of cardiac arrest in children? a. Cardiac problem b. Congenital or acquired heart defect c. Respiratory failure or shock d. Infection and sepsis |
c. Respiratory failure or shock Part 1, pg. 11 |
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Review 1.3: What is the third link in the adult out-of-hospital Chain of Survival? a. Advanced life support b. High-quality CPR c. Prevention d. Rapid defibrillation |
d. Rapid defibrillation Part 1, pg. 11 |
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Review 1.4: Which statement best describes sudden cardiac arrest? a. When respiratory distress in adults occurs and the heart rate does not change b. When the heart rate is 40-60/min and respirations increase c. When blood flow to the heart is blocked and the heart rate increases d. When an abnormal rhythm develops and the heart stops beating unexpectedly |
d. When an abnormal rhythm develops and the heart stops beating unexpectedly Part 1, pg. 11 |
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"Signs of puberty include __________________ in males and ______________ in females." |
-Chest or underarm hair -Any breast development Part 2, pg. 13 |
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"CPR consists of these main components: " |
-Chest compressions -Airway -Breathing Part 2, pg. 14 |
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BLS Adult Cardiac Arrest Algorithm: Step 1 |
Verify scene safety Part 2, pg. 15 |
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BLS Adult Cardiac Arrest Algorithm: Step 2 |
-Victim is unresponsive -Shout for nearby help -Activate emergency response system via mobile device (if appropriate) -Get AED and emergency equipment (or send someone to do so). Pt. 2, pg. 15 |
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BLS Adult Cardiac Arrest Algorithm: Step 3 |
-Look for no breathing or only gasping and check for pulse (simultaneously) Pt. 2, pg. 15 |
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BLS Adult Cardiact Arrest Algorithm: Step 3a (normal breathing, has pulse) |
Monitor until emergency responders arrive Pt. 2, pg. 15 |
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BLS Adult Cardiac Arrest Algorithm: Step 3b (No normal breathing, has pulse) |
-Provide rescue breathing: 1 breath every 5-6 seconds -Activate emergency response system (if not already done) after 2 min -Continue rescue breathing; check pulse every 2 min. If no pulse, begin CPR. -If possible opioid overdose, administer naloxone if available per protocol. Pt. 2, pg. 15 |
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BLS Adult Cardiac Arrest Algorithm: Step 4 (No breathing or only gasping, no pulse) |
-CPR-Begin cycles of 30 compressions and 2 breaths -Use AED as soon as it is available Pt. 2, pg. 15 |
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BLS Adult Cardiac Arrest Algorithm: Step 5 |
AED arrives Pt. 2, pg. 15 |
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BLS Adult Cardiac Arrest Algorithm: Step 6 |
Check rhythm. Pt. 2, pg. 15 |
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BLS Adult Cardiac Arrest Algorithm: Step 7 (Shockable rhythm after rhythm check) |
-Give 1 shock -Resume CPR immediately for about 2 minutes (until prompted by AED to allow rhythm check). -Continue until ALS providers take over or victim starts to move. Pt. 2, pg. 15 |
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BLS Adult Cardiac Arrest Algorithm: Step 8 (Non-shockable rhythm after rhythm check) |
-Resume CPR immediately for about 2 minutes (until prompted by AED to allow rhythm check) -Continue until ALS providers take over or victim starts to move. Pt. 2, pg. 15 |
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"If you are alone, _______________________________. If someone else is available, send that person to get [the AED/defibrillator and emergency equipment]." |
Get the AED/defibrillator and emergency equipment. Pt. 2, pg. 16 |
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True or False: Agonal gasps constitute normal breathing |
False Pt. 2, pg. 17 |
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Locating the carotid pulse: |
-Locate the trachea on the side closest to you, using 2 or 3 fingers -Slide those fingers into the groove between the trachea and the neck muscles -Feel for a pulse for between 5 and 10 seconds Pt. 2, pg. 18 |
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"Single rescuers should use the compression-to-ventilation ratio of _________________ when giving CPR to victims of any age." |
30 compressions to 2 ventilations Pt. 2, pg. 19 |
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"Do not move the victim while CPR is in progress unless __________________ or ________________________________." |
-The victim is in a dangerous environment -You believe you cannot perform CPR effectively in the victim's present position or location. Pt. 2, pg. 19 |
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"A ______ surface allows compression of the chest and heart to create blood flow." |
Firm Pt. 2, pg. 19 |
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Hand and body position during chest compressions |
-Put the heel of one hand in the center of the victim's chest, on the lower half of the sternum -Put the heel of your other hand on top of the first hand -Straighten your arms and position your shoulders directly over your hands. Pt. 2, pg. 20 |
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Two methods for opening the airway are: |
-Head tilt-chin lift -Jaw thrust Pt. 2, pg. 21 |
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"If a head or neck injury is suspected, use the ___________ to reduce neck and spine movement. Switch to a ____________ if the [first method] does not open the airway." |
-Jaw-thrust maneuver -Head tilt-chin lift maneuver Pt. 2, pg. 21 |
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"Deliver each breath over ______ second(s)." |
-1 second Pt. 2, pg. 24 |
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"When giving compressions, rescuers should switch compressors after every __________________________, or sooner if ________." |
-5 cycles of CPR (about every 2 minutes) -Fatigued Pt. 2, pg. 29 |
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2-rescuer CPR: Rescuer 1's location |
At the victim's side Pt. 2, pg. 30 |
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2-rescuer CPR: Rescuer 2's location |
At the victim's head Pt. 2, pg. 30 |
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2-rescuer CPR: Rescuer 1's duties |
-Make sure the victim is faceup on a firm, flat surface -Perform chest compressions -Switch compressors when needed. Pt. 2, pg. 30 |
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Adult 2-rescuer CPR: Rescuer 2's duties |
-Maintain an open airway by using either a head tilt-chin lift or a jaw thrust. -Give breaths -Encourage the first rescuer to give correct compressions -Switch compressors when needed. Pt. 2, pg. 30 |
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Review 2.2: The man doesn't respond when you touch his shoulders and shout, "Are you OK?" What is your next best action? a. Check his pulse b. Start high-quality CPR c. Start providing rescue breaths d. Shout for nearby help |
d. Shout for nearby help Pt. 2, pg. 31 |
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Review 2.3: Several rescuers respond, and you ask them to activate the emergency response and retrieve the AED and emergency equipment. As you check for a pulse and breathing, you notice that the man is gasping for air and making "snorting" sounds. You do not feel a pulse. What is your best next action? a. Start high-quality CPR, beginning with chest compressions b. Monitor the victim until additional, more experienced help arrives c. Provide rescue breathing by delivering 1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds d. Find someone to help by retrieving the AED |
a. Start high-quality CPR, beginning with chest compressions Pt. 2, pg. 31 |
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Review 2.4: What is the ratio of chest compressions to breaths when providing CPR to an adult? a. 10 compressions to 2 breaths b. 15 compressions to 2 breaths c. 30 compressions to 2 breaths d. 100 compressions to 2 breaths |
c. 30 compressions to 2 breaths Pt. 2, pg. 31 |
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Review 2.5 What are the rate and depth for chest compressions on an adult? a. 60 to 80 compressions/minute, about 1 inch b. 80 to 100 compressions/minute, about 1 1/2 inches. c. 120 to 140 compressions/minute, about 2 1/2 inches d. 100 to 120 compressions/minute, at least 2 inches |
d. 100 to 120 compressions/minute, at least 2 inches Pt. 2, pg. 31 |
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Review 2.7: If you suspect that an unresponsive victim has head or neck trauma, what is the preferred method for opening the airway? a. Head tilt-chin lift b. Jaw thrust c. Head tilt-neck left d. Avoid opening the airway |
b. Jaw thrust Pt. 2, pg. 31 |
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"Once the AED arrives, place it at _____________, next to _____________." |
-The victim's side -The rescuer who will operate it Pt. 3, pg. 34 |
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"Research has shown that if rescuers minimize the interval between ________ and __________, the shock is much more likely to be effective." |
-The last compression -Shock delivery Pt. 3, pg. 34 |
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"An arrhythmia is ____________" |
An irregular or abnormal heart beat Pt 3. pg. 34 |
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Two types of arrhythmias handled by AED's |
-Pulseless ventricular tachycardia -Ventricular fibrillation Pt. 3, pg. 35 |
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"If circulation returns, a pulse is palpable, and this is called _______________." |
Return of spontaneous circulation Pt. 3, pg. 35 |
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Universal Steps for operating an AED: Step 1 |
-Open the carrying case -Power on the AED Pt. 3, pg. 35 |
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Universal steps for operating an AED: Step 2 |
Attach AED pads: -Peel backing away from pads -Attach adhesive AED pads to victim's bare chest -Attach connecting cables to the AED Pt. 3, pg. 35 |
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Universal steps for operating an AED: Step 3 |
Clear the victim and allow the AED to analyze the rhythm -When the AED prompts you, clear the victim during analysis -Some AEDs will have a button to analyze -The AED tells you if a shock is needed Pt. 3, pg. 35 |
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Anterolateral placement of AED pads |
-Directly below right collarbone -Side of the left nipple, with the top edge of the pad a few inches below the armpit. Pt. 3, pg. 38 |
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Anteroposterior placement of AED pads |
-Left side of the chest, between the victim's left side of the breastbone and the left nipple -Left side of the victim's back, next to the spine. Pt. 3, pg. 38 |
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"Remember to note whether or not the victim has a hairy chest before ____________." |
Applying the pads Pt. 3, pg. 39 |
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True or False: It is not acceptable to use an AED in water |
True Pt. 3, pg. 39 |
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If you identify an implanted defibrillator/pacemaker: |
-If possible, avoid placed the AED pad directly over the implanted device -Follow the normal steps for operating an AED Pt. 3, pg. 39 |
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When encountering a transdermal medication patch, ________________________." |
If it does not delay delivery, remove the patch and wipe the area before attaching the AED pad. Pt. 3, pg. 39 |
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"To avoid delivery of the medication to the rescuer, use _______________ to remove the [medication] patch." |
Protective gloves or another barrier Pt. 3, pg. 40 |
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Review Question 3.1: What is the most appropriate first step to take as soon as the AED arrives at the victim's side: a. Power on the AED b. Apply the pads c. Press the analyze button d. Press the shock button |
a. Power on the AED Pt. 3, pg. 40 |
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Review Question 3.2: Which step is one of the universal steps for operating an AED? a. Placing the pads on the victim's bare chest b. Shaving the victim's hairy chest c. Removing the victim from water d. Finding the victim's implanted pacemaker |
a. Placing the pads on the victim's bare chest Pt. 3, pg. 40 |
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Review Question 3.3: If a victim of cardiac arrest has an implanted pacemaker or defibrillator, what special steps should be taken? a. Avoid placing AED pad directly over device b. Avoid using AED to avoid damaging device c. Turn off implanted device before applying AED pads d. Consider using pediatric pads to decrease shock dose delivered |
a. Avoid placing AED pad directly over device Pt. 3, pg. 40 |
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Review Question 3.4: What action should you take when the AED is analyzing the heart rhythm? a. Check the pulse b. Continue chest compressions c. Give rescue breaths only d. Stand clear of the victim |
d. Stand clear of the victim Pt. 3, pg. 40 |
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"A chest compression fraction of at least _______ is recommended, and a goal of ____ is often achievable with good teamwork." |
-60% -80% Pt. 4, pg. 41 |
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"The elements of team dynamics can be grouped into 3 categories: " |
-Roles during a resuscitation attempt -What to communicate -How to communicate Pt. 4, pg. 42 |
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"___________________ should stop someone else from making a mistake, regardless of ________________." |
-Anyone on the team -That person's role on the team Pt. 4, pg. 43 |
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To facilitate closed-loop communication, the team leader should do the following: |
-Call each team member by name and make eye contact when giving an instruction -Don't assign additional tasks until you are sure that the team member understands the instruction Pt. 4, pg. 43 |
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To facilitate closed-loop communication, team members should do the following: |
-Confirm that you understand each task to which you are assigned by verbally acknowledging the task -Tell the team leader when you have finished a task Pt. 4, pg. 43 |
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Review Question 4.1: "After performing high-quality CPR for 5 minutes, the team leader frequently interrupts compressions to check for a pulse even though there is no organized rhythm when the AED analyzes it. What action demonstrates constructive intervention? a. Ask another rescuer what he thinks should be done b. Say nothing that contradicts the leader c. Suggest to resume compressions w/o delay d. Wait until debriefing to discuss it |
c. Suggest to resume compressions without delay Pt. 4, pg. 44 |
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Review Question 4.2: "The team leader asks you to perform bag-mask ventilation during a resuscitation attempt, but you have not perfected that skill. What would be an appropriate action to acknowledge your limitations? a. Pick up the BVM and give it to another member b. Pretend you didn't hear request and hope team leader chooses someone else c. Tell leader you are not comfortable with the task d. Try to do it as best as you can and hope another member will see you struggling and take over |
c. Tell leader you are not comfortable with the task Pt. 4, pg. 44 |
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Review Question 4.3: "What is the appropriate action to demonstrate closed-loop communication when the team leader assigns you a task?" a. Repeat back to team leader the task you were assigned b. Nod your head as acknowledgment c. Start performing tasks, but do not speak and minimize noise d. Wait for team leader to address you by name before acknowledging task |
a. Repeat back to team leader the task you were assigned Pt. 4, pg. 44 |
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Single-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 1 |
Verify Scene Safety Pt. 5, pg. 46 |
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Single-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 2 |
-Victim is unresponsive -Shout for nearby help -Activate emergency response system via mobile device (if appropriate) Pt. 5, pg. 46 |
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Single-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 3 |
Look for no breathing or only gasping and check pulse (simultaneously). Is pulse definitely felt within 10 seconds? Pt. 5, pg. 46 |
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Single-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 3a (Normal breathing, has pulse) |
-Activate emergency response system (if not already done) -Return to victim and monitor until emergency responders arrive Pt. 5, pg. 46 |
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Single-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 3b (No normal breathing, has pulse) |
-Provide rescue breathing, 1 breath every 3-5 sec -Add compressions if pulse is below 60/min with signs of poor perfusion -Activate emergency response system after 2 minutes if not already done -Continue rescue breathing; check pulse every 2 min. If no pulse, begin CPR Pt. 5, pg. 46 |
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Single-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 4 (No breathing or only gasping, no pulse) |
Check if sudden collapse was witnessed Pt. 5, pg. 46 |
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Single-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 4a (sudden collapse WAS witnessed) |
Activate emergency response system (if not already done) and retrieve AED/defibrillator Pt. 5, pg. 46 |
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Single-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 5 (sudden collapse was NOT witnessed) |
CPR:- 1 rescuer: begin cycles of 30 compressions and 2 breaths -Use 15:2 ratio if second rescuer arrives -Use AED as soon as it is available Pt. 5, pg. 46 |
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Single-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 6 |
After about 2 minutes of CPR, if still alone, activate the emergency response system and retrieve the AED (if not already done) Pt. 5, pg. 46 |
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Single-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 7 |
AED analyzes rhythm. Pt. 5, pg. 46 |
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Single-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 8 (shockable rhythm detected) |
-Give 1 shock -Resume CPR immediately for about 2 minutes (until prompted by AED to allow rhythm check) -Continue until ALS providers take over or victim starts to move Pt. 5, pg. 46 |
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Single-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 9 (no shockable rhythm detected) |
-Resume CPR immediately for about 2 minutes (until prompted by AED to allow rhythm check) -Continue until ALS providers take over or victim starts to move Pt. 5, pg. 46 |
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"To perform a pulse check in an infant, palpate a _________________." |
Brachial pulse Pt. 5, pg. 47 |
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"To perform a pulse check in a child, palpate a _________________." |
Carotid or femoral pulse Pt. 5, pg. 47 |
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Steps for Locating the Brachial Artery Pulse |
1. Place 2 or 3 fingers on the inside of the upper arm, midway between the infant's elbow and shoulder 2. Then press the fingers to attempt to feel the pulse for at least 5 but no more than 10 seconds Pt. 5, pg. 48 |
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Steps for Locating the Femoral Artery Pulse |
1. Place 2 fingers in the inner thigh, midway between the hipbone and the pubic bone and just below the crease where the leg meets the torso 2. Feel for a pulse for at least 5 but no more than 10 seconds Pt. 5, pg. 48 |
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If a pediatric victim is not breathing normally but a pulse of 60/min or less with signs of poor perfusion, start __________________." |
Chest compressions Pt. 5, pg. 48 |
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If you are alone and the infant's/child's arrest was sudden and witnessed: |
-Leave the victim to activate the emergency response system in your setting -Get the AED and emergency equipment. If someone else is available, send that person to get it Pt. 5, pg. 48 |
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If you are alone and the infant's/child's arrest was not sudden and witnessed: |
-Begin high-quality CPR for 2 minutes Pt. 5, pg. 48 |
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"If two rescuers are present for the resuscitation attempt of an infant or child, use a compression-to-ventilation ratio of _________." |
15:2 Pt. 5, pg. 49 |
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"For a very small child, _______________ may be adequate to achieve the desired compression depth." |
1-handed compressions Pt. 5, pg. 50 |
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"For infants, single rescuers should use the ____________ technique. If multiple rescuers are present, the ____________ technique is preferred." |
-2-finger technique -2 thumb-encircling Pt. 5, pg. 50 |
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Finger placement in the 2-finger technique |
-Center of the infant's chest -Just below the nipple line -Lower half of the breastbone -Do not press the tip of the breastbone Pt. 5, pg. 50 |
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Thumb and finger placement in the 2 thumb-encircling technique |
-Side by side in the center of the infant's chest-On the lower half of the breastbone -Thumbs may overlap in very small infants -Encircle the infant's chest and support the infant's back with the fingers of both hands Pt. 5, pg. 51 |
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"It is very important to give both ________ and ___________ for infants and children during high-quality CPR." |
-Compressions -Breaths Pt. 5, pg. 52 |
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Multiple-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 1 |
Verify scene safety Pt. 5, pg. 53 |
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Multiple-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 2 |
-Victim is unresponsive -Shout for nearby help -First rescuer remains with victim -Second rescuer activates emergency response system and retrieves AED and emergency equipment Pt. 5, pg. 53 |
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Multiple-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 3 |
Look for no breathing or only gasping and check pulse (simultaneously) Pt. 5, pg. 53 |
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Multiple-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 3a (Normal breathing, has pulse) |
Monitor until emergency responders arrive Pt. 5, pg. 53 |
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Multiple-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 3b (No normal breathing, has pulse) |
-Provide rescue breathing, 1 breath every 3-5 sec -Add compressions if pulse remains below 60/min with signs of poor perfusion -Activate emergency response system (if not already done) after 2 minutes -Continue rescue breathing; check pulse about every 2 minutes; if no pulse, begin CPR Pt. 5, pg. 53 |
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Multiple-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 4 (No breathing or only gasping, no pulse) |
CPR: -First rescuer begins CPR with 30:2 ratio -When second rescuer returns, use 15:2 ratio -Use AED as soon as it is available Pt. 5, pg. 53 |
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Multiple-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 5 |
AED analyzes rhythm Pt. 5, pg. 53 |
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Multiple-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 6 (shockable rhythm detected) |
-Give 1 shock -Resume CPR immediately for about 2 minutes (until prompted by AED to allow rhythm check) -Continue until ALS providers take over or victim starts to move Pt. 5, pg. 53 |
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Multiple-Rescuer Pediatric BLS Algorithm: Step 7 (no shockable rhythm detected) |
-Resume CPR immediately for about 2 minutes (until prompted by AED to allow rhythm check). -Continue until ALS providers take over or victim starts to move Pt. 5, pg. 53 |
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Review Question 5.1: "What is the correct compression-to-ventilation ratio for a single rescuer of a 3-year-old child?" a. 15 compressions to 1 breath b. 15 compressions to 2 breaths c. 20 compressions to 2 breaths d. 30 compressions to 2 breaths |
d. 30 compressions to 2 breaths Pt. 5, pg. 55 |
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Review Question 5.2: "What is the correct compression-to-ventilation ratio for a 7-year-old child when 2 or more rescuers are present?" a. 15 compressions to 1 breath b. 15 compressions to 2 breaths c. 20 compressions to 2 breaths d. 30 compressions to 2 breaths |
b. 15 compressions to 2 breaths Pt. 5, pg. 55 |
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Review Question 5.3: "For what age victim is the 2-thumb encircling hands technique recommended when 2 or more rescuers are present?" a. A child younger than 3 years b. A child older than 3 years c. An infant older than 1 year d. An infant younger than 1 year |
d. An infant younger than 1 year Pt. 5, pg. 55 |
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Review Question 5.4: "What is the correct compression depth for a child?" a. At least 1/4 the depth of the chest, or about 1 inch b. At least 1/3 the depth of the chest, or about 1 1/2 inches c. At least 1/3 the depth of the chest, or about 2 inches d. At least 1/2 the depth of the chest, or about 2 1/2 inches |
c. At least 1/3 the depth of the chest, or about 2 inches Pt. 5, pg. 56 |
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Review Question 5.5: "What is the correct compression depth for an infant?" a. At least 1/4 the depth of the chest, or about 1 inch b. At least 1/3 the depth of the chest, or about 1 1/2 inches c. At least 1/3 the depth of the chest, or about 2 inches d. At least 1/2 the depth of the chest, or about 2 1/2 inches |
b. At least 1/3 the depth of the chest, or about 1 1/2 inches Pt. 5, pg. 56 |
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"Some AED models are designed for both pediatric and adult use. These AEDs deliver a _____________ when pediatric pads are used." |
Reduced shock dose Pt. 6, pg. 57 |
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"When attached to an AED, [a pediatric dose attenuator] ________________________." |
Reduces the shock dose by about two thirds Pt. 6, pg. 57 |
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"Use _________, if available, for infants and children less than 8 years of age. Use __________ if those are not available." |
-Child pads -Adult pads Pt. 6, pg. 58 |
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For a victim of 8 years of age and older, use __________ pads. |
Adult Pt. 6, pg. 58 |
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For a victim of less than 8 years of age, use ___________ pads. |
Child Pt. 6, pg. 58 |
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"For infants, a _____________ is preferred to an AED for defibrillation." |
Manual defibrillator Pt. 6, pg. 59 |
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For an infant, if a manual defibrillator is not available, a _______________________ is preferred. |
AED equipped with a pediatric dose attenuator Pt. 6, pg. 59 |
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For an infant, if neither a manual defibrillator nor an AED with a pediatric dose attenuator is available, a ______________________ is preferred. |
AED without a pediatric dose attenuator Pt. 6, pg. 59 |
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Review Question 6.1: "What should you do when using an AED on an infant or child less than 8 years of age?" a. Never use adult AED pads b. Use adult AED pads c. Use adult AED pads if the AED does not have child pads d. Use adult AED pads, but cut them in half |
c. Use adult AED pads if the AED does not have child pads Pt. 6, pg. 59 |
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Review Question 6.2: "If a manual defibrillator is not available for an infant victim, which action should you take?" a. Perform high-quality CPR b. Use an AED equipped with a pediatric dose attenuator c. Use an AED without a pediatric dose attenuator d. Wait for advanced care to arrive |
b. Use an AED equipped with a pediatric dose attenuator Pt. 6, pg. 59 |
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Review Question 6.3: "What is important to remember about AED pad placement on infants?" a. Ensure that pads overlap each other in very small infants b. Place 1 adult pad on the chest c. You may need to place 1 pad on the chest and 1 on the back, according to the diagrams on the pads d. If child AED pads are not available, do not use the AED |
c. You may need to place 1 pad on the chest and 1 on the back, according to diagrams on the pads Pt. 6, pg. 59 |
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"Advanced airways prevent ____________ and can provide __________________." |
-Airway obstruction -A route for more effective oxygenation and ventilation Pt. 7, pg. 61 |
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Compression-to-ventilation ratio with an advanced airway in place |
-Continuous compressions without pauses for breaths -1 breath every 6 seconds (10 breaths per minute) for adults, children, and infants Pt. 7, pg. 61 |
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"Rescue breathing is ____________________." |
Giving breaths to an unresponsive victim who has a pulse but is not breathing. Pt. 7, pg. 62 |
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"If emergency equipment is not available, the rescuer may provide breaths by using the ________________ or _______________ technique." |
-Mouth-to-mouth -Mouth-to-nose-and-mouth Pt. 7, pg. 62 |
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Rescue breathing rate for adults |
1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds (about 10 to 12 breaths per minute) Pt. 7, pg. 62 |
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Rescue breathing rate for children and infants |
1 breath every 3 to 5 seconds (about 12 to 20 breaths per minute) Pt. 7, pg. 62 |
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"Respiratory arrest occurs when ____________________________________." |
Normal breathing stops, preventing essential oxygen supply and carbon dioxide exchange. Pt. 7, pg. 62 |
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"Respiratory arrest can be identified when the victim is found to be ______________________, but still has ___________." |
-Unresponsive, not breathing or only gasping -A pulse Pt. 7, pg. 62 |
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Mouth-to-mouth breathing for adults and children |
1. Hold victim's airway open with a HTCL 2. Pinch nose closed with thumb and index finger 3. Take regular breath and seal lips around victim's mouth 4. Deliver 1 breath over 1 second; watch for chest rise 5. If chest does not rise, repeat HTCL 6. Give second breath; watch for chest to rise 7. If you are unable to ventilate after 2 attempts, return to compressions Pt. 7, pg. 63 |
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2 techniques used to give breaths in infants |
-Mouth-to-mouth-and-nose -Mouth-to-mouth Pt. 7, pg. 63 |
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Technique preferred for giving breaths to infants |
Mouth-to-mouth-and-nose Pt. 7, pg. 63 |
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Mouth-to-mouth-and-nose technique for infants |
1. Maintain HTCL 2. Place mouth over infant's mouth and nose and create airtight seal 3. Blow into infant's nose and mouth, just enough to make the chest rise with each breath 4. If chest does not rise, repeat HTCL to reopen airway and try to give another breath that makes chest rise. May be necessary to move infant's head through various positions. Pt. 7, pg. 64 |
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Mouth-to-mouth technique for infants |
1. Maintain HTCL 2. Pinch victim's nose tightly with thumb and forefinger 3. Make mouth-to-mouth seal 4. Deliver each mouth-to-mouth breath, making sure chest rises with each breath 5. If chest does not rise, repeat HTCL to reopen airway. May be necessary to move infant's head through various positions. Pt. 7, pg. 64 |
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Review Question 7.1: "Which victim would need only rescue breathing:" a. Agonal gasping with no pulse b. Breathing with a weak pulse c. No breathing and a pulse d. No breathing and no pulse |
c. No breathing and a pulse Pt. 7, pg. 65 |
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Review Question 7.2: "How often should rescue breaths be given in infants and children when a pulse is present?" a. 1 breath every 2 to 3 seconds b. 1 breath every 3 to 5 seconds c. 1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds d. 1 breath every 8 to 10 seconds |
b. 1 breath every 3 to 5 seconds Pt. 7, pg. 65 |
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Review Question 7.3: "Which action can rescuers perform to potentially reduce the risk of gastric inflation?" a. Delivering each breath over 1 second b. Giving rapid, shallow breaths c. Using a bag-mask device for delivering ventilation d. Using the mouth-to-mask breathing technique |
a. Delivering each breath over 1 second Pt. 7, pg. 65 |
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Review Question 7.4: "Which is the preferred technique for giving rescue breaths to an infant?" a. Mouth-to-mouth b. Mouth-to-mouth-and-nose c. Mouth-to-nose d. Any method is acceptable |
b. Mouth-to-mouth-and-nose Pt. 7, pg. 65 |
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"Opioids are _____________." |
Medications used primarily for pain relief. Pt. 8, pg. 67 |
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"Opioids in high doses can cause ___________________ that can cause ____________________." |
-Central nervous system and respiratory depression -Respiratory and cardiac arrest Pt. 8, pg. 67 |
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"Naloxone is _______________________________." |
An agent that can reverse the effects of respiratory depression caused by opioids Pt. 8, pg. 67 |
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"Naloxone may be given by ___________, _______________, and ______________." |
-Intramuscular -Intranasal -Intravenous Pt. 8, pg. 67 |
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"If an opioid-associated life-threatening emergency is suspected in a victim of cardiac arrest, consider ________________ after ___________________." |
-Giving naloxone per local protocol -Starting CPR Pt. 8, pg. 67 |
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Opioid-Associated Life-Threatening Emergency Sequence: Step 1 |
Verify Scene Safety Pt. 8, pg. 69 |
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Opioid-Associated Life-Threatening Emergency Sequence: Step 2 |
Assess Breathing and pulse Pt. 8, pg. 69 |
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Opioid-Associated Life-Threatening Emergency Sequence: Step3A (Breathing normally and pulse is present) |
Monitor responsiveness, breathing and pulse Pt. 8, pg. 69 |
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Opioid-Associated Life-Threatening Emergency Sequence: Step 3B (Not breathing normally, but pulse is present) |
-Provide rescue breathing -Confirm that emergency response system has been activated -If opioid overdose is suspected administer naloxone per protocol and monitor for response -Continue rescue breathing and check pulse about every 2 min Pt. 8, pg. 69 |
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Opioid-Associated Life-Threatening Emergency Sequence: Step 3C (Not breathing normally and no pulse present) |
-Provide high-quality CPR and use the AED as soon as it is available -If opioid overdose is suspected, administer naloxone per protocol and monitor for response -Continue until advanced care team takes over or victim starts to move Pt. 8, pg. 69 |
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Review Question 8.1: "What is NOT an example of an opioid?" a. Heroin b. Hydrocodone c. Morphine d. Naloxone |
d. Naloxone Pt. 8, pg. 70 |
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Review Question 8.2: "You find your 27-y/o opioid-using roommate unresponsive with no breathing but a strong pulse. You suspect an opioid emergency. A friend is phoning 911 and looking for the naloxone autoinjector. What action should you take?" a. Remain with roommate until naloxone arrives and then administer it immediately b. Begin CPR, starting with chest compressions c. Provide rescue breathing: 1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds d. Provide rapid defibrillation with an AED |
c. Provide rescue breathing: 1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds Pt. 8, pg. 70 |
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Review Question 8.3: "You find an unresponsive 56-y/o man who has been taking hydrocodone. No breathing, no pulse. You notice medication bottle is empty and suspect opioid emergency. A colleague activates the emergency response system and is getting the AED and naloxone. What should you do next:" a. Wait for naloxone to arrive b. Begin CPR, starting with chest compressions c. Provide 1 rescue breath every 5-6 sec until naloxone arrives d. Provide rapid defibrillation with AED |
b. Begin CPR, starting with chest compressions Pt. 8, pg. 70 |
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3 signs of a mild airway obstruction |
-Good air exchange -Can cough forcefully -May wheeze between coughs Pt. 9, pg. 71 |
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7 signs of a severe airway obstruction |
-Clutching the throat (universal choking sign) -Unable to speak or cry -Poor or no air exchange -Weak, ineffective cough or no cough at all -High-pitched noise on inhaling or no noise at all -Increased respiratory difficulty -Possible cyanosis (turning blue) Pt. 9, pg. 71 |
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Rescuer actions in a mild airway obstruction |
-Encourage the victim to continue coughing -Do not interfere with victim's own attempt to relieve obstruction, but remain with victim and monitor them -If obstruction continues or progresses to severe, activate emergency response system Pt. 9, pg. 71 |
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Rescuer actions in a severe airway obstruction |
-If victim is adult or child, ask if they are choking. If victim nods 'yes' but can't talk, severe airway obstruction confirmed -Take steps immediately to remove obstruction -If obstruction continues and victim becomes unresponsive, start CPR -If you are not alone, send someone to activate emergency response system; otherwise, provide 2 min of CPR before doing so yourself. Pt. 9, pg. 71 |
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"Use _________________ to relieve choking in a responsive adult or child." |
Abdominal thrusts (the Heimlich maneuver) Pt. 9, pg. 72 |
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"Do not use _____________ to relieve choking in an infant." |
Abdominal thrusts Pt. 9, pg. 72 |
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To perform abdominal thrusts with a standing or sitting adult/child victim: "Stand or kneel behind the victim and ___________________________." |
Wrap your arms around the victim's waist Pt. 9, pg. 72 |
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To perform abdominal thrusts with a standing or sitting adult/child victim: "Make a _____ with one hand" |
Fist Pt. 9, pg. 72 |
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To perform abdominal thrusts with a standing or sitting adult/child victim: "Place the thumb side of your fist ____________________________." |
-Against the victim's abdomen -In the midline -Slightly above the navel and well below the breastbone Pt. 9, pg. 72 |
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To perform abdominal thrusts with a standing or sitting adult/child victim: "Grasp your fist [that's against the abdomen] with your other hand and ______________________." |
Press your fist into the victim's abdomen with a quick, forceful upward thrust Pt. 9, pg. 72 |
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To perform abdominal thrusts with a standing or sitting adult/child victim: "Repeat thrusts until ________________ or ___________________." |
-The object is expelled from the airway -The victim becomes unresponsive Pt. 9, pg. 72 |
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To perform abdominal thrusts with a standing or sitting adult/child victim: "Give each new thrust with ______________________ to relieve the obstruction." |
A separate, distinct movement Pt. 9, pg. 72 |
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"If the victim is pregnant or obese, _______________________________." |
Provide chest thrusts instead of abdominal thrusts Pt. 9, pg. 73 |
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If an adult or child choking victim becomes unresponsive: |
1. Shout for help; send anyone available to activate the emergency response system 2. Gently lower the victim to the ground 3. Start CPR with chest compressions. Do not check for a pulse 4. Each time you open the airway, open the victim's mouth wide. If you see an easily removable object, remove it with fingers 5. If you do not see an object, continue CPR 6. After 5 cycles/2 min of CPR, activate emergency response system if not already done Pt. 9, pg. 73-74 |
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"When a choking victim loses consciousness, ____________________. This could convert a _______________ to a _________________." |
-The muscles in the larynx may relax -Complete/severe airway obstruction -Partial obstruction Pt. 9, pg. 74 |
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"Giving 30 compressions and then removing any object seen in the mouth may allow you to eventually _______________." |
Give effective breaths Pt. 9, pg. 74 |
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"You can tell if you have successfully removed an airway obstruction in an unresponsive victim if you: " |
-Feel air movement and see the chest rise when you give breaths -See and remove a foreign body from the victim's mouth Pt. 9, pg. 74 |
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Use __________ and _____________ for choking relief in an infant. Do not use _____________." |
-Back slaps -Chest thrusts -Abdominal thrusts Pt. 9, pg. 74 |
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Positioning for choking relief for a responsive infant |
1. Kneel or sit with the infant in your lap 2. Remove clothing from the infant's chest if easy to do so 3. Hold infant facedown with head slightly lower than chest, resting on forearm 4. Support infant's head and jaw with your hand, taking care to avoid compressing the infant's throat 5. Rest forearm on lap or thigh to support infant Pt. 9, pg. 74 |
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After positioning a responsive choking infant, deliver ________________ between the infant's shoulder blades, using _______________. |
-Up to 5 back slaps forcefully -The heel of your hand Pt. 9, pg. 75 |
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When delivering back slaps to a responsive choking infant, deliver each slap with _______________________________." |
Sufficient force to attempt to dislodge the foreign body Pt. 9, pg. 75 |
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"After delivering up to 5 back slaps, place _________________, supporting _________________." |
-Your free hand on the infant's back -The back of the infant's head with the palm of your hand. Pt. 9, pg. 75 |
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After turning a responsive choking infant faceup on your thigh, provide ___________________ at a rate of ____________________, each with ___________________." |
-Up to 5 quick downward chest thrusts at the same location as for chest compressions for CPR -About 1 per second -The intention of creating enough force to attempt to dislodge the foreign body Pt. 9, pg. 75 |
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For a responsive choking infant, repeat the sequence of up to 5 back slaps and up to 5 chest thrusts until _____________ or _________________." |
-The object is removed -The infant becomes unresponsive Pt. 9, pg. 75 |
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If an infant choking victim becomes unresponsive, stop ______________ and start _______________." |
-Giving back slaps -CPR, beginning with chest compressions Pt. 9, pg. 75 |
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When doing CPR for an unconscious choking infant, each time you open the airway, you must __________________________." |
Look for the object in the back of the throat. If you see an object and can easily remove it, remove it. Note that you do not check for a pulse before beginning CPR. Pt. 9, pg. 75 |
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Review Question 9.1: "Which is an example of a [sign of a] mild foreign-body airway obstruction?" a. Cyanosis (turning blue) b. High-pitched noise while inhaling c. Inability to speak or cry d. Wheezing between coughs |
d. Wheezing between coughs Pt. 9, pg. 76 |
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Review Question 9.2: "Which victim of a severe airway obstruction should receive abdominal thrusts?" a. An average-size 27-year-old man b. A woman who is obviously pregnant c. An obese 50-year-old man d. An average-size 9-month old infant |
a. An average-size 27-year-old man Pt. 9, pg. 76 |
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Review Question 9.3: "You are performing abdominal thrusts on a 9-year-old child when he suddenly becomes unresponsive. After you shout for nearby help, what is the most appropriate action to take next?" a. Begin high-quality CPR, starting with chest compressions b. Check for a pulse c. Continue performing abdominal thrusts d. Provide 5 back slaps provided by 5 chest thrusts |
a. Begin high-quality CPR, starting with chest compressions Pt. 9, pg. 76 |
