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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are ADRs? |
Noxious or unintended responses to a drug occurring at therapeutic doses |
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How common are ADRs (wrt hospital admissions)? |
5% of acute hospital admissions |
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What is the difference between type A and type B ADRs? |
Type A's are common, predictable and explainable based on known pharmacology. Type B's are random, unusual, and generally not understood |
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What is detoxification? |
The process of rendering a compound less toxic |
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Where might unexcreted toxin be stored? |
The bones or fat |
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What is the difference between Type I and Type II allergic responses? |
Type I are hypersensitivity, less serious, and involve IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation. Type II are antibody-mediated haematological reactions. |
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Anaphylactic shock can be triggered by what type of allergic response? |
Type I |
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How is anaphylactic shock treated? Why? |
Adrenaline-- alleviates bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, and inflammation |
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What is hapten? |
The molecule which conjugates low MW allergens |
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What type of immunoglobulins are involved in allergic reactions? |
IgE |
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What type of channels are blocked by dedrotoxins? |
Voltage-gated K+ channels |
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What type of channels are blocked by ω-agatoxin and ω-conotoxin?
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Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels |
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What type of channels are blocked by tetrodotoxin? |
Na+ channels |
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What symptoms might acetylcholinesterase inhibition have? |
Dim vision, running nose, loss of consciousness, seizures, constricted pupils, bradycardia |
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What types of molecules reactivate acetylcholinesterase? |
Oximes |
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How does cyanide poison the body? |
Inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, preventing cellular respiration |
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How does carbon monoxide poison the body? |
Displaces oxygen from haemoglobin, causing hypoxia |
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What organs are particularly suceptible to toxin damage? |
Liver, kidneys |
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What are some outcomes of hepatotoxicity? |
Cirrhosis, hepatitis, hepatic necrosis |
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What drug is a prominent cause of hepatic poisoning? |
Paracetamol |
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What are some outcomes of nephrotoxicity? |
Changes in GFR, allergic and chronic nephritis |
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What are mutagens? |
Proteins which cause changes to cell DNA |
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What are the major classes of genes involved in carcinogenesis? |
Proto-oncogenes and tumour supressor genes |
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What is teratogenesis? |
The formation of birth defects during fetal development |
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What are teratogens? |
Substances which indue birth defects |
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What is the problem with thalamide? |
Used as an anti-nausea drug for pregnant women but ended up being a strong teratogen |
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What drugs can cause nephrotoxicity? |
NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors |
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What is an LD50? |
The dose of a drug which kills 50% of treated animals within a specified period of time |
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What is NOAEL? |
The no observed adverse effects level of a drug-- the highest concentration which does not produce a toxic response |
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What is LOAEL? |
The lowest observed adverse effects level--- lowest concentration which produces a toxic response |
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What is an HED? |
The human equivalent dose, the dose in humans anticipated to provide the same degree of effect as observed in animals |
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How is the therapeutic index calculated? |
The ratio of the dose which produces an unwanted effect vs. that which produces a therapeutic effect (LD50/ED50) |
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Does warfarin have a large or small therapeutic index? |
Small |
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Does penicillin have a large or small therapeutic index? |
Large |
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Does aspirin have a large or small therapeutic index? |
Large |
