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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name 9 Functions of the skin.
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1. Protection
2. Prevent Penetration 3. Perception 4. Temperature Regulation 5. Identification 6. Communication 7. Wound Repair 8. Absorption & Secretion 9. Production of Vitamin D * See Lecture for details |
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What are nails made of?
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Keratin
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Why is assessing the skin important?
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Insight to LOCAL (irritation, trauma, disease) and SYSTEMIC (Impaired circulation, endocrine imbalances, allergic reaction, respiratory disorders) problems.
AND it is the one organ we can assess directly |
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Name 3 layers of the skin and give one characteristic of each.
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1. Epidermis - protective barrier
2. Dermis - resilient/stretch/vascular 3. Subcutaneous layer - temp. regulation/heat |
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What do sebaceous glands secrete? Where is it secreted? What is its function?
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Protective lipid sebum, into hair follicles, form with water to prevent water loss
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Name the two types of sweat glands and where they open to.
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1. ECCRINE - directly open to skin - (sweat)
2. APOCRINE - open to hair follicles (Odor) |
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Name 6 INFANT/CHILDREN skin conditions.
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1. Lanugo
2. Vernix Caseosa 3. Milia 4. Mongolian Spot 5. Cafe au lait 6. Physiologic Jaundice |
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What is Lanugo?
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Fine downy hair of a newborn
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What is Vernix Caseosa?
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Thick,cheesy substance made of sebum (holds water in skin) and contains shed epithelial cells
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What is Milia?
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Tiny white papules on baby's cheek and, nose, forhead, chin which have sebum in the hair follicle
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What is a Mongolian spot?
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Hyperpigmentation in newborns in African, Asian, Mediterranean & Aboriginal descent
(Can be mistaken for bruising, gradually fades by age 1) |
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What is cafe au lait?
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Large round/oval patch of light brown pigmentation present at birth
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What is Physiologic Jaundice?
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Due to increased bilirubin in blood, yellowing of skin,sclera, mucous membranes, can persist 3-4 days after birth
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Describe bodily changes during puberty.
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1. Increased Hair growth
2. Increased Sebaceous gland activity 3. Increased subcu fat 4. Development of secondary sex characteristics |
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Name some of the skin related changes that are common for pregnant women.
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1. Increased pigmentation at certain sites:
-Linea Nigra (middle of abdomen) -Cholasma (face) -Striae Gravidarum (stretch marks) 2. Increase in Metabolism -causing rise in heat which peripheral vessels dilate to dissipate heat 3. Increase secretion of sweat and sebaceous glands 4. Fat deposition - hip/butt for energy reserve |
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Name 5 skin related changes/condition for the AGING ADULT.
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1. Senile Purpura
2. Keratoses 3. Senile Lentigines 4. Dryness 5. Decreased Elasticity |
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What is Senile Purpura?
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Dark red discolored areas on the skin
* due to minor trauma because of the decreased vascularity of the skin and the increased vascular fragility |
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What is Keratoses?
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Raised thick areas of pigmentation
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What is Senile Lentigines?
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Small flat brown macules from extensive sun exposure
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Why does skin get dry as we age?
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Decreasing number of sebaceous glands
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What subjective data may indicate potential health concerns?
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* Family history of skin diseases
* Changes in pigmentation * Change in mole/birthmark size/color * Excessive dryness/moisture * Tattoo - Increased risk for Hep C * Any changes in feel of skin (temp, moisture, texture ...) * Pruritis (itchy) * Hair loss * Rash/lesions * Excessive bruising * changes in nails * occupational/enviro hazards * self care behaviors ** see lecture for details |
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What is Alopecia?
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Significant Hair loss
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When inspecting the skin, what should you look for?
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*Overall Color
*Pigmented Areas (moles/birthmarks/freckles) *Abnormal pigmentation **Recall ABCDE acronym |
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What is the ABCDE acronym?
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A - assymetry
B - border irregularity C - color D - diameter (>6mm) E - elevation **Also changes in size, itching, burning or bleeding should all be treated as suspicious. |
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When palpating the skin, what should you look for?
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* Temperature
* Moisture * Texture * Thickness * Edema * Mobility/Turgitity * Vascularity/bruising |
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What can pallor indicate?
(pale skin) |
Anemia, shock, decreased profusion, vasoconstriction, blockage
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What can erythema indicate? (redness)
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Hyperemia caused by increased blood flow to area due to inflammation, fever, alcohol, blushing
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What can cyanosis indicate?
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Blue skin may means decreased oxygen in blood getting to tissues
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What can brown-tan colored skin indicate?
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Cortisol deficiency which increases melanin production (hence brown skin)
Can also indicate organ shut down from renal disease |
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Can you teach someone how to do a SKIN SELF EXAM?
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page 238 - Jarvis
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For best detection of temperature, what part of hand is used?
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The dorsa of the hand
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What should the skin feel like when someone has HYPERthyroidism? HYPOthyroidism?
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Hyper - velvet like
Hypo - rough, dry, flaky |
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Describe the 4 point scale of pitting edema.
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+1 - mild
+2 - moderate +3 - deep, pitting remains for short period and looks swollen +4 - very deep pitting, indentation remains for long time and looks very swollen |
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Define skin mobility and turgidity.
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MOBILITY - is the skin’s ease of rising
TURGOR - is the skin’s ability to return to it’s place after being promptly released. Reflects elasticity. |
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What is a primary lesion? Secondary lesion?
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PRIMARY - lesion from an immediate or specific cause
SECONDARY - results from a change in a primary lesion over time, or from trauma |
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What should we look for when assessing a lesion?
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*Color
*Elevation *Pattern/shape *Size *Location/distribution *Exudate -if yes - note odor and color |
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Name 11 primary lesions.
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1. Macule
2. Papule 3. Patch 4. Plaque 5. Nodule 6. Wheal 7. Vesicle 8. Bulla 9. Urticaria (hive) 10. Cyst 11. Pustule |
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Name 10 secondary lesions.
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1. Crust
2. Scale 3. Fissure 4. Erosion 5. Lichenification 6. Ulcer 7. Excoriations 8. Scar 9. Atrophic scar 10. Keloid |
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What should we look for while inspecting/palpating the HAIR?
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-color
-texture -distribution -scalp lesions |
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What should we look for while inspecting/palpating the NAILS?
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-shape & contour
-consistency -color (capillary refill) |
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Why do some of us have grey hairs?
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Reduced melanin production in hair follicles
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List some reasons why hair loss/growth occurs.
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*Endocrine imbalances
*Hormonal changes (pregnancy, puberty) |
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Why does nail CLUBBING occur?
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Could be due to heart disease, emphysema, chronic bronchitis
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Describe a normal/abnormal profile sign.
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Normal - 160 degrees or less
Abnormal - 180 degrees |
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How long does it take for capillary beds to refill?
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1 - 2 seconds
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What does capillary refill tell you?
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Status of peripheral circulation
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