Section 1

Front 1

ACCOMMODATION

Back 1

The process by which the lens changes shape to focus incoming light so that it falls on the retina (p. 91)

Front 2

ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION

Back 2

The desire to direct your behavior toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some tasks. (p. 334)

Front 3

ACTIVITY THEORY OF AGING

Back 3

The psychosocial theory that life satisfaction in late adulthood is highest when people maintain the level of activity they displayed earlier in life. (p. 405)

Front 4

ALGORITHM

Back 4

A problem solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method that inevitably produces the correct solution. (p. 279)

Front 5

ATTRIBUTION

Back 5

The mental process of inferring the causes of people's behavior, including one's self own. Also refers to the explanation made for a particular behavior. (p. 458)

Front 6

CONSCIOUSNESS

Back 6

Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment. (p. 135)

Front 7

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

Back 7

A numerical indication of the magnitude and direction of the relationship ( the correlation) between two variables. (pp. 24, A-8)

Front 8

DECAY THEORY

Back 8

The view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time. (p. 245)

Front 9

DISPLACEMENT

Back 9

The ego defense mechanism that involves unconsciously shifting the target of an emotional urge to a substitute target that is less threatening or dangerous. (p. 420)

Front 10

DSM-5

Back 10

Abbreviation for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Editions; the book published by the American Psychiatric Association that describes the specific symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for different psychological disorders. (p. 535)

Front 11

ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL

Back 11

Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory. (p. 234)

Front 12

ENCODING

Back 12

The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system. (p 228)

Front 13

EXTINCTION

Back 13

(in operant conditioning) The gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior. In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer. (p. 206)

Front 14

FIVE-FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY

Back 14

A trait theory of personality that identifies extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, consciousness, and openness to experience as the fundamental building blocks of personality. (p. 439)

Front 15

FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE

Back 15

In Piaget's theory, the fourth stage of cognitive development, which lasts from adolescence through adulthood; characterized by the ability to think logically about abstract principles and hypothetical situations. (p. 383)

Front 16

GENDER IDENTITY

Back 16

A person's psychological sense of being male or female. (p. 375)

Front 17

HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY

Back 17

School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction. (p.9)

Front 18

ID

Back 18

Latin for The It; in Freud's theory, the completely unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives; ruled by the pleasure principle. (p. 418)

Front 19

IMPLICIT MEMORY

Back 19

Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected; also called Non-Declarative Memory. (p. 236)

Front 20

INCENTIVE THEORIES

Back 20

The view that behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals, such as rewards. (p. 316)

Front 21

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

Back 21

The purposely manipulated factor thought to produce change in an experiment; also called The Treatment Variable. (p. 26)

Front 22

INSTINCT THEORIES

Back 22

The view that certain human behavior are innate and due to evolutionary programming. (p. 314)

Front 23

INTRINSIC MOTIVATION

Back 23

The desire to engage in tasks that are inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging; the desire to do something for its own sake. (p. 333)

Front 24

LEARNED HELPLESSNESS

Back 24

A phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior. (p. 212)

Front 25

LONGITUDINAL DESIGN

Back 25

Research strategy in which a variable or group of variables are studied in the same group of participants over time. (p.358)

Front 26

MOOD CONGRUENCE

Back 26

An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood trends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood. (p 241)

Front 27

MOTIVATION

Back 27

The biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior. (p. 314)

Front 28

NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT

Back 28

A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus; also called Punishment By Removal. (p. 201)

Front 29

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

Back 29

A situation in which a response results in the removal of, avoidance of, or escape from a pushing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations. (p. 199)

Front 30

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Back 30

Chemical messengers manufactured by a neuron. (p. 48)

Front 31

OBJECT PERMANENCE

Back 31

The understanding that an object continues to exist even when it can no longer be seen. (p. 381)

Front 32

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Back 32

The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response. (p. 198)

Front 33

PARASOMNIAS

Back 33

A category of sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions; including Sleepwalking, Sleep Terrors, Sleep Sex, and Sleep-Related Eating Disorder. (p. 153)

Front 34

PERSONALITY

Back 34

An individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. (p. 415)

Front 35

PLACEBO EFFECT

Back 35

Any change attributed to a person's beliefs and expectations rather than to an actual drug, treatment, or procedure. (p. 29)

Front 36

POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

Back 36

The study of positive emotions and psychological states, positive individual traits, and social institutions that foster positive individuals and communities. (p. 11)

Front 37

POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)

Back 37

A disorders triggered by exposure to highly traumatic event that results in recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive memories of the event; avoidance of stimuli and situations associated with the event; negative changes in thoughts, moods, and emotions; and a persistent state of heightened physical arousal. (p. 546)

Front 38

PROTOTYPE

Back 38

The most typical instance of a particular concept. (p. 277)

Front 39

PSYCHOLOGY

Back 39

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. (p.2)

Front 40

PUNISHMENT

Back 40

The presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated. (p.200)

Front 41

RANDOM SELECTION

Back 41

Process in which subjects are selected randomly fro a larger group such that every group member has an equal chance of being included in the study. (p. 23)

Front 42

RELIABILITY

Back 42

The ability of a test to produce consistent results when administered on repeated occasions under similar conditions. (p. 295)

Front 43

REPRESSION

Back 43

Motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously; a memory that is blocked and unavailable to consciousness. (p. 247)

Front 44

RETRIEVAL

Back 44

The process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it. (p. 229, 238)

Front 45

SELF-EFFICACY

Back 45

The beliefs that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation; feelings of self-confidence. (pp. 351, 434)

Front 46

SEMANTIC MEMORY

Back 46

Category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge, concepts, facts, and names. (p. 236)

Front 47

SHAPING

Back 47

The operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed. (p. 206)

Front 48

SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY

Back 48

Albert Bandura's theory of personality, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self-effacement beliefs, and reciprocal determination. (p. 433)

Front 49

STANDARD NORMAL CURVE or STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

Back 49

A symmetrical distribution forming a bell-shaped curve in which the mean, median, and mode are all equal and fall in the exact middle. (p. A-7)

Front 50

STRUCTURAL PLASTICITY

Back 50

The brain's ability to change its physical structure in response to learning, active practice, or environmental influences. (p. 63)

Front 51

TEMPERAMENT

Back 51

Inborn predisposition to consistently behave and react in a certain way. (p. 369)

Front 52

TERATOGENS

Back 52

Harmful agents or substances that can cause malformation or defects in an embryo or fetus. (p. 364)

Front 53

TRANSFERENCE

Back 53

In psychoanalysis, the process by which emotions and desire originally associated with the significant person in the patient's life, such as a parent, are unconsciously transferred onto the psychoanalyst. (p. 589)

Front 54

TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE

Back 54

Robert Sternberg's theory that there are three distinct forms of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical. (p. 300)

Front 55

UNCONSCIOUS

Back 55

In Freud's theory, Sternberg's used to describe thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that are operating below the level of conscious awareness. (p. 417)

Front 56

VALIDITY

Back 56

The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure. (p. 295)

Front 57

ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT

Back 57

In Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, the difference between what children can accomplish on their own and what they can accomplish with the help of others who are more competent. (p. 385)