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668 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which of the following symptoms would indicate a vitamin D deficiency?
|
Bowed legs
|
|
|
How many micrograms of dietary beta-carotene are equivalent to 1 retinol activity equivalent?
|
12
|
|
|
How is vitamin E thought to play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease?
|
It slows oxidation of low-density lipoproteins
|
|
|
Which of the following food substances can be converted to vitamin A in the body?
|
Beta-carotene
|
|
|
The plant version of vitamin D is known as
|
ergocalciferol
|
|
|
Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria?
|
K
|
|
|
What is the role of vitamin E in the metabolism of free radicals?
|
Eliminator
|
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The first detectable sign of vitamin A deficiency is usually
|
night blindness
|
|
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In what chief capacity does vitamin K function?
|
Blood clotting
|
|
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Which of the following conditions is known to lead to formation of mineral deposits in the blood vessels and kidney?
|
Excessive intake of vitamin D
|
|
|
Which of the following types of drinking water contains the lowest amount of minerals?
|
Distilled water
|
|
|
: Which of the following is a risk of consuming calcium supplements above the UL?
|
Kidney stone formation
|
|
|
What is the minimum amount of water (mL) that must be excreted each day as urine in order to carry away the body's waste products:
|
500
|
|
|
What term designates foods that contain nonnutrient substances which may provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition?
|
Functional foods
|
|
|
Which of the following is the richest source of iodine?
|
Seafood
|
|
|
Which of the following is a property of selenium in nutrition?
|
Severe deficiency is associated with heart disease in China
|
|
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Which of the following is a feature of phosphorus?
|
Involved in energy exchange
|
|
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All of the following are chief storage sites for surplus iron except the
|
muscle
|
|
|
All of the following are known to result from excessive zinc intake except
|
galvanized liver and kidneys
|
|
|
Conditions associated with zinc deficiency include all of the following except
|
kidney failure
|
|
|
During physical performance, what is the role of creatine phosphate?
|
Transfer of energy to make ATP
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|
|
For optimal performance of endurance athletes, sports nutritionists recommend approximately how much dietary fat energy?
|
20-35%
|
|
|
In training to run in your state marathon this summer, you want to determine how much fluid to drink during training sessions. Your weight at the beginning of every training session is 150 pounds. At the end of every training session you weigh 146 pounds. How many cups of fluid are necessary replenish these losses?
|
8
|
|
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When a marathon runner experiences the phenomenon known as “hitting the wall,” what nutrient is most likely depleted?
|
Glucose
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|
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Which of the following should be a component of a healthy diet for athletes?
|
Nutrient-dense foods
|
|
|
What is the predominant fuel used by muscle cells during low- or moderate-intensity activity?
|
Fat
|
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|
For female endurance athletes, about how much more protein above the RDA is recommended by recognized health organizations?
|
50-75%
|
|
|
Sports drinks begin to provide an advantage over plain water for athletes when their exercise periods first exceed
|
60 minutes
|
|
|
A person’s “VO2 max” is the maximum
|
rate of oxygen consumption
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What is the recommended composition of the postgame meal of the athlete?
|
High-carbohydrate
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Physical performance is noticeably affected when body water loss first reaches
|
2%
|
|
|
Which of the following describes a characteristic of fat use during physical activity?
|
Athletes who consume a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet for even one day are at risk for depleting their glycogen
|
|
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Which of the following is a characteristic of human growth hormone use in athletes?
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Excessive use shortens life span
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Which of the following is an effect of exercise on protein metabolism?
|
Protein synthesis is inhibited during exercise
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A muscle that increases in size in response to use is an example of
|
hypertrophy
|
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Which of the following activities depletes glycogen most quickly?
|
Quarter-mile run
|
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What is the chief adverse effect from drinking a carbonated beverage before engaging in athletic activity?
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The bubbles induce feelings of fullness quickly and so limit fluid intake
|
|
|
What dietary nutrients are most effective at raising muscle glycogen concentrations?
|
Carbohydrates
|
|
|
The effect of regular exercise on heart and lung function is known as
|
cardiorespiratory conditioning
|
|
|
What is the percentage increase in the folate RDA during pregnancy?
|
50
|
|
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The neural tube forms the early parts of the
|
brain and spinal cord
|
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The process by which maternal nutrient intake affects the child’s development of diseases later in life is known as
|
fetal programming
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In what period of pregnancy would most damage from alcohol consumption occur?
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2nd trimester
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Of the following nutrient needs, which is considered the most difficult to meet during pregnancy, often because of low body stores?
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Iron
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With few exceptions, all of the following substances or practices should be totally eliminated during pregnancy except
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artificial sweeteners
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|
What is gestational diabetes?
|
Abnormal blood glucose maintenance during pregnancy
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Which of the following is a characteristic of vegetarian diets during pregnancy or lactation?
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It is possible that a vegetarian diet can support a healthy pregnancy and normal lactation
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What is the most reliable indicator of an infant’s future health status?
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Infant’s birthweight
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During pregnancy, which of the following nutrients show a dramatic increase in absorption?
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Calcium and iron
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An infant born with incomplete closure of the spinal cord has
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spina bifida
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How many weeks is the usual duration of a full-term pregnancy?
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38-42
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A newly fertilized egg is known as a(n)
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zygote
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All of the following are characteristics of nutrition and pregnancy except
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underweight has little, if any, effect on fertility.
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All of the following are features of older pregnant women in comparison with younger pregnant women except
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maternal mortality rates are lower
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Which of the following describes a relationship between body weight and pregnancy?
|
Underweight women who gain 30 lbs during pregnancy tend to birth smaller babies than heavier women who gain 30 lbs
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|
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of caffeine and lactation?
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The A.M.A. recommends no caffeine intake during lactation
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|
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What is the recommended range of weight gain, in lbs, during pregnancy for a normal-weight woman?
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25-35
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Which of the following describes an infant born during the 36th week of pregnancy?
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Preterm
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What is the recommended range of weight gain, in lbs, during pregnancy for an underweight woman?
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28-40
|
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|
Chromium deficiency is characterized by
|
hyperglycemia.
|
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Which of the following conditions is known to lead to copper deficiency?
|
Excess zinc
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Which of the following conditions may improve with vitamin E therapy?
|
Intermittent claudication
|
|
|
One of the chief functions of chromium is participation in the metabolism of
|
carbohydrates
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Over the course of the entire pregnancy, approximately how much extra energy, in kcal, does the average pregnant woman need to consume?
|
72,000
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A person’s “VO2 max” is the maximum
|
rate of oxygen consumption.
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|
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Which of the following is a characteristic of alcohol intake and lactation?
|
Alcohol easily enters breast milk
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Which of the following is an effect of exercise on protein metabolism?
|
Protein synthesis is inhibited during exercise
|
|
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What is the most reliable indicator of an infant’s future health status?
|
Infant’s birthweight
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|
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In general, what are the chief consequences of nutritional deprivation in the lactating mother?
|
Reduced quality of her milk
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|
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What is the major cause of iron deficiency?
|
Poor nutrition
|
|
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What is the predominant fuel used by muscle cells during low- or moderate-intensity activity?
|
Fat
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|
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What is the major intracellular anion?
|
Phosphate
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Which of the following foods are known to contain goitrogens?
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Cauliflower and broccoli
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What mineral is critical to the synthesis of thyroxine?
|
Iodine
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What is the recommended composition of the postgame meal of the athlete?
|
High-carbohydrate
|
|
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An enzyme in which zinc or copper is an integral part of its structure is classified as a(n)
|
metalloenzyme
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|
|
The effect of regular exercise on heart and lung function is known as
|
cardiorespiratory conditioning
|
|
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Of the following nutrient needs, which is considered the most difficult to meet during pregnancy, often because of low body stores?
|
Iron
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D synthesis?
|
Dark-skinned people require longer sunlight exposure than light-skinned people to synthesize equivalent
|
|
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Signs of iron toxicity include all of the following except
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hypochromic anemia
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In weight training, muscle endurance can best be emphasized by combining a
|
high number of repetitions with lighter weight
|
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Which of the following does not have an RDA?
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Fluoride
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On average, one retinol activity equivalent is equal to about how many international units?
|
3
|
|
|
What is/are the main function(s) of vitamin D?
|
Promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption and promotes calcium mobilization from bone
|
|
|
Sports drinks begin to provide an advantage over plain water for athletes when their exercise periods first exceed
|
60 minutes
|
|
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The rare genetic disorders Menkes disease and Wilson’s disease result from abnormal utilization of
|
copper
|
|
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Which of the following individuals would most likely not need an iron supplement?
|
Elderly female
|
|
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All of the following play important roles in acid-base balance except
|
the liver
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All of the following are chief storage sites for surplus iron except the
|
muscle.
|
|
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The components of fitness include all of the following except
|
bone fragility
|
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Which of the following meats would be the best source of copper?
|
Shellfish
|
|
|
Which of the following describes a characteristic of fat use during physical activity?
|
Athletes who consume a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet for even one day are at risk for depleting their glycogen
|
|
|
Which of the following describes an infant born during the 36th week of pregnancy?
Question 39 answers |
Preterm
|
|
|
What dietary nutrients are most effective at raising muscle glycogen concentrations?
Question 41 answers |
Carbohydrates
|
|
|
How much time spent in vigorous activity is usually needed to deplete glycogen reserves?
|
2 hours
|
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What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet?
|
Processed foods
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What is the major source of dietary sulfur?
|
Protein
|
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Which of the following disorders may result from vitamin E deficiency in people?
|
Erythrocyte hemolysis
|
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Which of the following is not among the features of the fat-soluble vitamins?
|
Transported permanently to the liver and adipose tissue
|
|
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The most common tests to diagnose iron deficiency include all of the following measures except
|
DNA content of red blood cells.
|
|
|
The neural tube forms the early parts of the
|
brain and spinal cord.
|
|
|
Which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body?
|
Water
|
|
|
What dietary nutrients are most effective at raising muscle glycogen concentrations?
|
Carbohydrates
|
|
|
Which of the following conditions is known to lead to formation of mineral deposits in the blood vessels and kidney?
|
Excessive intake of vitamin D
|
|
|
Which of the following foods should be especially limited in the diet of individuals with hemochromatosis?
|
Iron-fortified cereals
|
|
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Which of the following minerals functions primarily in reactions that consume oxygen?
|
Copper
|
|
|
A child diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia would most likely benefit from increasing the consumption of
|
red meat.
|
|
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Which of the following features do vitamins C and E share?
|
Both function as antioxidants
|
|
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What is the major extracellular anion?
|
Chloride
|
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Which of the following symptoms would ordinarily not be found in individuals with iron-deficiency anemia?
|
Diminished sense of smell
|
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All of the following are features of older pregnant women in comparison with younger pregnant women except
|
maternal mortality rates are lower.
|
|
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What mineral is part of vitamin B12?
|
Cobalt
|
|
|
Which of the following is known to require vitamin K for its synthesis?
|
Prothrombin
|
|
|
Which of the following conditions is known to lead to copper deficiency?
|
Excess zinc
|
|
|
What mineral is critical to the synthesis of thyroxine?
|
Iodine
|
|
|
Which of the following represents the most reliable dietary source of zinc?
|
Meats and whole-grain cereals
|
|
|
Which of the following represents current knowledge of the role of vitamin and mineral supplements in physical performance?
|
Except perhaps for iron and vitamin E, supplements are not recommended because there is no difference in the RDA of physically active people compared with sedentary people
|
|
|
What population group is most vulnerable to vitamin A toxicity?
|
Children
|
|
|
What is the body’s most indispensable nutrient?
|
Water
|
|
|
All of the following are properties of electrolytes except
|
they include fat-soluble as well as water-soluble particles.
|
|
|
Which of the following is an important function of selenium?
|
Inhibits the formation of free radicals
|
|
|
Which of the following is known to enhance iron absorption?
|
Foods containing vitamin C
|
|
|
Which of the following is a protein that carries iron through the circulation to the tissues?
|
Transferrin
|
|
|
Where is the majority of the body’s magnesium found?
|
Bones
|
|
|
The DASH diet plan was devised to prevent
|
hypertension.
|
|
|
A tissue deprived of an oxygen supply during exercise would develop an accumulation of
|
lactate.
|
|
|
Among the following ethnic groups, which has the highest bone density?
|
African-American
|
|
|
Which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body?
|
Water
|
|
|
For maximum benefits, cardiorespiratory endurance episodes should be sustained for at least
|
20 minutes
|
|
|
What is the adult AI for vitamin K?
|
90-120 µg
|
|
|
To minimize the risk of calcium toxicity, total daily intakes should be held to a maximum of
|
2,500 mg
|
|
|
What is the minimum amount of water (mL) that must be excreted each day as urine in order to carry away the body's waste products:
|
500
|
|
|
Physical performance is noticeably affected when body water loss first reaches
|
2%.
|
|
|
The rare genetic disorders Menkes disease and Wilson’s disease result from abnormal utilization of
|
copper.
|
|
|
Under normal circumstances, what is the average percentage of dietary iron that is absorbed?
|
18
|
|
|
Which of the following is one of the recommendations to treat pregnancy-associated heartburn?
|
Eat many small meals
|
|
|
Approximately what percent of the body’s vitamin A stores are found in the liver?
|
90
|
|
|
What is the adult AI for vitamin K?
|
90-120 µg
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin K?
|
Bacteria in the intestines synthesize bioavailable vitamin K
|
|
|
The normal blood pH range is approximately
|
7.35-7.45
|
|
|
If a normal, healthy adult were to begin consuming a vitamin A-poor diet, approximately how much time would pass before the first deficiency symptoms would appear?
|
1 to 2 years
|
|
|
You have just been hired by the World Health Organization to promote nutrition education and policies in a small country in Asia, whose population has a high prevalence of goiter. Which of the following policies would be the best to implement with respect to iodine status, cost, and efficiency?
|
Fortify the salt with iodine
|
|
|
All of the following are chief storage sites for surplus iron except the
|
muscle.
|
|
|
What is the adult RDA for iodine?
|
150 µg
|
|
|
All of the following statements are specific to the critical periods of cell division except
|
high-nutrient-density food fed after the critical period can remedy a growth deficit.
|
|
|
Sports drinks begin to provide an advantage over plain water for athletes when their exercise periods first exceed
|
60 minutes.
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D synthesis?
|
Dark-skinned people require longer sunlight exposure than light-skinned people to synthesize equivalent
|
|
|
What is the major intracellular cation?
|
Potassium
|
|
|
Which of the following represents the most reliable dietary source of zinc?
|
Meats and whole-grain cereals
|
|
|
Where is the majority of the body’s magnesium found?
|
Bones
|
|
|
Which of the following is not among the common food sources of potassium?
|
Cheeses
|
|
|
Which of the following may result from excessive intakes of vitamin D by adults?
|
Mineral deposits in soft tissues such as the kidney
|
|
|
What is the percentage increase in the folate RDA during pregnancy?
|
50
|
|
|
How much calcium (mg) would typically be absorbed by a normal adult with a calcium intake of 1,000 mg?
|
300
|
|
|
Which of the following disorders may be linked with the presence of high blood iron?
|
Heart disease
|
|
|
What is the most reliable source of dietary fluoride?
|
Public water
|
|
|
Which of the following types of drinking water contains the lowest amount of minerals?
|
Distilled water
|
|
|
What is the minimum amount of water (mL) that must be excreted each day as urine in order to carry away the body's waste products:
|
500
|
|
|
How is vitamin E thought to play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease?
|
It slows oxidation of low-density lipoproteins
|
|
|
Which of the following food substances can be converted to vitamin A in the body?
|
Beta-carotene
|
|
|
The plant version of vitamin D is known as
|
ergocalciferol.
|
|
|
Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria?
|
K
|
|
|
In what chief capacity does vitamin K function?
|
Blood clotting
|
|
|
Which of the following conditions is known to lead to formation of mineral deposits in the blood vessels and kidney?
|
Excessive intake of vitamin D
|
|
|
Which of the following is a risk of consuming calcium supplements above the UL?
|
Kidney stone formation
|
|
|
What term designates foods that contain nonnutrient substances which may provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition?
|
Functional foods
|
|
|
Which of the following is the richest source of iodine?
|
Seafood
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of phosphorus?
|
Involved in energy exchange
|
|
|
All of the following are known to result from excessive zinc intake except
|
galvanized liver and kidneys.
|
|
|
Conditions associated with zinc deficiency include all of the following except
|
kidney failure.
|
|
|
For optimal performance of endurance athletes, sports nutritionists recommend approximately how much dietary fat energy?
|
20-35%
|
|
|
In training to run in your state marathon this summer, you want to determine how much fluid to drink during training sessions. Your weight at the beginning of every training session is 150 pounds. At the end of every training session you weigh 146 pounds. How many cups of fluid are necessary replenish these losses?
|
8
|
|
|
For female endurance athletes, about how much more protein above the RDA is recommended by recognized health organizations?
|
50-75%
|
|
|
For optimal performance, the athlete’s precompetition meal may include all of the following except
|
beans.
|
|
|
The known health risks for being underweight include all of the following except
|
diabetes
|
|
|
There is a high risk of obesity-related health problems when a man's waist circumference begins to exceed
|
40 inches
|
|
|
Which of the following is a characteristic of excess intra-abdominal fat
|
it is found in smokers more often than nonsmokers even thouhg smokers have a lower BMI
|
|
|
When an adult gains an extra 10 pounds of body weight, approximately how much of this weight is fat
|
7.5 lbs
|
|
|
If a normal 30-year-old woman has a daily energy expenditure of 2200 kcalories, what would be her expected output when she reaches 60 years of age
|
1885 kcal
|
|
|
External cues that may cause an obese person to respond to food typically include all of the following except
|
outdoor exercises
|
|
|
What is the range of body fat content for normal-weight men
|
13-21%
|
|
|
The major cause of insulin resistance is related to
|
excess body weight
|
|
|
In an adult who gains 20 pounds of excess body weight, about how much of this is lean tissue
|
5 lbs
|
|
|
Which of the following identifies a specific food intake behavior
|
a desire to eat without feelings of hunger is called appetite
|
|
|
Approximately how many people in the United States are believed to have eating disorders
|
5 million
|
|
|
What would be the approximate weight gain of a person who consumes an excess of 500 kcalories daily for one month
|
4 lbs
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of the body mass index
|
it correlates with disease risks
|
|
|
After consuming a very large meal, the desire to eat a slice of chocolate cake is an example of behavior known as
|
appetite
|
|
|
Which of the following does no decrease the metabolic rate
|
fever
|
|
|
All of the following are an association between type 2 diabetes and body fat except
|
overweight people with the disease who lose weight show no improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance
|
|
|
Which of the following is a characteristic of the eating pattern of people with bulimia nervosa
|
binge eating typically occurs after a period of strict dieting
|
|
|
Which of the following factors has the most influence on the body's metabolic rate
|
amount of lean body tissue
|
|
|
You are planning a diet for a hospitalized patient who cannot participate in physical activity because both of his legs are broken and he will be bedridden for 6 weeks. Which of the following would best assess the patient's energy expenditure
|
basal metabolic rate
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)
|
pregnancy increases the BMR
|
|
|
Approximately what percentage of weight loss during starvation is lean body mass
|
50
|
|
|
Which of the following is a significant factor associated with interpretation of body composition values
|
it is possible that muscular people may be classified as overweight
|
|
|
What instrument is used to measure the energy content of foods
|
bomb calorimeter
|
|
|
Which of the following is a property of specific methods used to assess body fat content?
|
bombardment of the body with x-rays can differentiate between fat mass and lean body mass
|
|
|
Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic inflammation
|
it promotes the development of metabolic syndrome
|
|
|
All of the following are characteristics related to the fat content in food except
|
eating high-fat foods typically leads to underconsumption of kcalories
|
|
|
Which of the following describes an association between body weight and mortality
|
overweight men who are physically fit have a lower mortality risk than normal-weight, unfit men
|
|
|
What is the approximate value for the thermic effect of a 2500-kcalorie diet
|
250 kcal
|
|
|
Among the following, which has the greatest power to suppress hunger
|
apples
|
|
|
Research in obese people seems to show that there is no increas in the risks for strokes and hypertension provided that the excess body fat is distributed around the
|
hips and thighs
|
|
|
What is the primary reason for not including the value for adaptive thermogenesis when calculating energy requirements
|
it is too variable to measure
|
|
|
All of the following are common behaviors of people afflicted with muscle dysmorphia except
|
use of cathartics and emetics
|
|
|
What term describes the increase in energy expenditure that occurs in a person who fractures a leg
|
adaptive thermogenesis
|
|
|
Which of the following defines central obesity
|
storage of excess fat around the central part of the body
|
|
|
Which of the following can be used to gauge the amount of a person's abdominal fat
|
waist circumference
|
|
|
A cathartic is a
|
strong laxative
|
|
|
What is the weight classification assigned both to young women with 30% body fat and young men with 20% body fat
|
normal
|
|
|
What is an emetic
|
a substance that induces vomiting
|
|
|
An emotionally insecure person might eat for all of the following reasons except
|
to satisfy energy needs only
|
|
|
Which of the following may best explain the relationship between excess body fat and higher risk for cancers of the female reproductive system
|
excess body fat produces more estrogen, which may promote tumor development
|
|
|
The presciption drug sibutramine acts by regulating the utilization of
|
serotonin
|
|
|
As a new assistant in a weight loss research laboratory, you are given a tour of the mouse laboratory. Why is the leptin-deficient mouse much larger than its leptin-sufficient counterpart
|
leptin deficiency enhances appetite and decreases energy expenditure
|
|
|
Because obesity apparently has many causes, even in an individual, the best approach seems to be
|
genetic counseling
|
|
|
Which of the following would be most effective at lowering energy intake in a person on a weight reduction program
|
select less energy-dense foods
|
|
|
Hyperplastic obesity is related to a(n)
|
increase in the number of fat cells
|
|
|
Which of the following defines the body's set point
|
point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight
|
|
|
Which of the following would not be part of a successful program of weight gain in an underweight individual
|
eat a large number of small meals
|
|
|
According to body mass index values, what fraction of the U.S. adult population is considered overweight or obese
|
2/3
|
|
|
Approximately what percentage of U.S. adults are classified as underweight
|
5
|
|
|
Which of the following is the most likely explanation that environment must play a role in obesity
|
the rate of obesity has been rising while the gene pool has remained relatively constant
|
|
|
To help prevent body fat gain, the DRI suggests daily, moderately intense, physical activities totaling
|
60 minutes
|
|
|
Which of the following is characteristic of dieting and ketosis
|
body fat losses on a ketogenic diet are not higher than on other diets of equivalent kcalories
|
|
|
Which of the following describes a connection between physical activity and energy expenditure
|
walking a mile uses about the same energy as running a mile
|
|
|
When consumed in high doses, which of the following is associated with modest weight loss in people
|
pyruvate
|
|
|
Which of the following describes the research results of obese women in weight-loss programs
|
they initially expected to lose unrealistic amounts of weight
|
|
|
All of the following are features of fat cell metabolism in men and women except
|
the rate of fat breakdown is higher in women than in men
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of energy metabolism in formerly obese people who have lost weight
|
energy requirements are lower than expected for their current body weight
|
|
|
A popular eating plan that promises quick weight loss is known as a(n)
|
fad diet
|
|
|
The classification of underweight is defined when the BMI first drops below
|
18.5
|
|
|
What are the observed effects of sleep deprivation of leptin and ghrelin
|
leptin decreases while ghrelin increases
|
|
|
Compared with the past two decades, current dietary trends in fat and/or energy intake for U.S. adults include all of the following except
|
our higher prevalence of obesity is due primarily to excess carbohydrate intake
|
|
|
Kirima is a Native Eskimo who lives in one of the coldest regions in the world. What type of adipose tissue is most effective at helping her to maintain warm body temperatures during the coldest parts of the year
|
brown
|
|
|
What is the principal reason that appetite is turned off immediately after a person finishes an intense workout
|
glucose and fatty acids are still abundant in the blood
|
|
|
A person who weighs 150 lbs. and walks at a pace of 3 miles/hr expends about how many kcalories in that hour
|
270
|
|
|
Over-the-counter products labeled as "dieter's tea" are reported to lead to
|
nausea and diarrhea
|
|
|
Approximately how many kcalories per week should be expended in physical activity in order to maintain a weight loss
|
2000
|
|
|
All of the following are behavior modifications for losing weight except
|
taking smaller portions of food but always eating everything on the plate quickly
|
|
|
If you suspect that you are suffering from a foodborne illness, appropriate actions to take include all of the following except
|
find a portion of the remaining suspected food and ask someone else to taste it to detect any off flavors.
|
|
|
What nutrients in foods are most vulnerable to losses during food handling and preparation?
|
Water-soluble vitamins
|
|
|
What is the most common source of bottled water?
|
Springs and wells
|
|
|
Which of the following is a characteristic of meat contamination?
|
Consumers are not able to detect the presence of harmful bacteria by odor or taste
|
|
|
Of the following, which is used most widely as an antimicrobial agent?
|
NOT - Sodium nitrite
|
|
|
To determine quickly if a particular glass or ceramic vessel is safe for use in a microwave oven, place the empty container in the microwave and “cook” it for one minute; the container should feel
|
cool
|
|
|
The seal “Graded by USDA” that appears on packaged meat and poultry means that the product is
|
assessed for tenderness.
|
|
|
Which of the following toxic substances are formed from production of paper products used in food packaging?
|
Dioxins
|
|
|
According to the FDA, what is the leading food safety concern?
|
NOT - Pesticide residues
|
|
|
Which of the following properties are shared by vitamins C and E, BHA and BHT, and sulfites?
|
Antioxidant activities
|
|
|
Which of the following is not among the features of nitrites?
|
NOT - Present naturally in foods
|
|
|
Which of the following substances in the diet would typically have the lowest margin of safety?
|
Table salt
|
|
|
Which of the following is the most common pathogenic microorganism in U.S. foods?
|
NOT - Staphylococcus aureus
|
|
|
Among the following organisms, which is primarily responsible for causing “traveler’s” diarrhea?
|
Escherichia coli
|
|
|
What sweetener should be avoided by people with PKU?
|
Aspartame
|
|
|
What is the leading cause of food contamination in the United States?
|
Food poisoning from microbes
|
|
|
A common term to describe the process of irradiation is
|
cold pasteurization
|
|
|
What happens when beverages containing aspartame are stored at warm temperatures for prolonged periods?
|
Methanol is produced
|
|
|
What organism is responsible for producing the most common food toxin?
|
Staphylococcus aureus
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of bottled waters that are sold to consumers?
|
Bottled water is classified as a food and is regulated by the FDA
|
|
|
What defines the FDA’s de minimis rule?
|
The amount of a food additive that causes no more than a one-in-a-million risk of cancer to human beings
|
|
|
Minerals most associated with unpleasant characteristics of potable water include all of the following except
|
phosphorus
|
|
|
Which of the following foods is best known to transmit hepatitis?
|
Seafood
|
|
|
Which of the following foods are associated with illness from Salmonella?
|
Raw meats, poultry, and eggs
|
|
|
The most common causes of death today in the United States include all of the following except
|
tuberculosis
|
|
|
What is the AMDR for fat?
|
20-35%
|
|
|
An essential nutrient is one that cannot be
|
made in sufficient quantities by the body.
|
|
|
Features of a chronic disease include all of the following except
|
it produces sharp pains
|
|
|
Which of the following is an anthropometric measure?
|
Body weight
|
|
|
Recommended Dietary Allowances are based on the
|
Estimated Average Requirement.
|
|
|
The smallest amount of a nutrient that is consumed over a prolonged period that maintains a specific function is called the nutrient
|
requirement.
|
|
|
All of the following describe features for application of the recommended nutrient intakes except
|
the recommendations also apply to sick people.
|
|
|
All of the following are recognized, credible sources of nutrition information except
|
Who’s Who in Nutrition
|
|
|
All of the following are minimum requirements for becoming a registered dietitian except
|
completing up to a three-week clinical internship or the equivalent
|
|
|
How many minerals are known to be required in the diet of human beings?
|
16
|
|
|
What is the kcalorie value of a meal supplying 110 g of carbohydrates, 25 g of protein, 20 g of fat, and 5 g of alcohol?
|
755
|
|
|
Which of the following is used to determine the presence of abnormal functions inside the body due to a nutrient deficiency?
|
Laboratory tests
|
|
|
A person who eats a bowl of oatmeal for breakfast every day would be displaying a food choice most likely based on
|
habit.
|
|
|
The percentage of kcalorie intakes for protein, fat, and carbohydrate that are thought to reduce the risk of chronic diseases are termed the
|
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
|
|
|
What is the function of bile?
|
Emulsifies fats
|
|
|
Which of the following are allowed in the diet of a lactovegetarian?
|
Milk products and plant foods only
|
|
|
Which of the following is among the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
|
Engage in regular physical activities
|
|
|
Which of the following is an enrichment nutrient for grains?
|
Folate
|
|
|
What is the primary cause for belching?
|
Swallowing air
|
|
|
For the most part, all of the following are advantages of vegetarian diets except
|
vitamin B12 intake is higher
|
|
|
Absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells occurs by all of the following mechanisms except
|
transmigration.
|
|
|
All of the following are documented benefits for people following a vegetarian diet except
|
lower rates of anemia
|
|
|
What is the principle carbohydrate of milk?
|
Lactose
|
|
|
Which of the following contains the least amount of fiber?
|
White rice
|
|
|
Which of the following is a drawback of olestra consumption?
|
It inhibits absorption of vitamin E
|
|
|
What is the sweetest-tasting simple carbohydrate in the diet?
|
Fructose
|
|
|
Which of the following is a characteristic of dietary fibers
|
They are classified according to solubility in water
|
|
|
Which of the following characteristics are shared by cholesterol and lecithin?
|
Both are synthesized in the body
|
|
|
According to the Dietary Guidelines, what should be the maximum total fat intake as a percentage of energy intake?
|
35
|
|
|
What compound is composed of 3 fatty acids and glycerol?
|
Triglyceride
|
|
|
Microorganisms in food that are viable when consumed and that are beneficial to health are known as
|
?
|
|
|
All of the following are rich sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids except
|
palm oil
|
|
|
What is the highest blood triglyceride concentration (mg/dL) that falls within the desirable range?
|
149
|
|
|
Lipids that are solid at room temperature are known as
|
fats
|
|
|
A person eating lots of white bread, white rice, and ready-to-eat cereals would have a diet with a glycemic index that is
|
high
|
|
|
What type of nutrient is starch?
|
Complex carbohydrate
|
|
|
What is the principle carbohydrate of milk?
|
Lactose
|
|
|
What is the first organ to respond to an increase in blood glucose concentration?
|
Pancreas
|
|
|
If you were to exercise continuously, about how long would glycogen stores last?
|
A few hours
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a feature of high-fiber foods?
|
Provide more energy per gram than processed foods
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a rich source of dietary starch?
|
Fruits
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of diabetes?
|
Dietary management should focus on total carbohydrate intake rather than the type of carbohydrate consumed
|
|
|
What type of compound is lecithin?
|
Phospholipid
|
|
|
Which of the following describes a fatty acid that has one double bond?
|
Monounsaturated
|
|
|
Which of the following has the highest percentage of its fat in saturated form?
|
Coconut oil
|
|
|
What protein is intimately involved in the formation of scar tissue in wound healing?
|
Collagen
|
|
|
What primary factor governs the quality of a food protein?
|
Essential amino acid content
|
|
|
What is the most likely reason for having an abnormally high blood urea level?
|
Kidney dysfunction
|
|
|
Which of the following processes is regulated primarily by the buffering action of proteins?
|
?
|
|
|
Jim, a college baseball player, tells you that he has started to take glutamine supplements. How would you advise him?
|
Since single amino acids do not occur naturally in foods, they offer no benefit to the body and may even be harmful
|
|
|
When nitrogen taken into the body exceeds nitrogen losses, we say the person is in
|
positive nitrogen balance
|
|
|
Which of the following statements is not characteristic of enzymes?
|
They are involved in synthesis reactions only
|
|
|
What element is found in proteins but not in carbohydrates and fats?
|
Nitrogen
|
|
|
What ratio (mg:g) of calcium to protein intake is believed to promote optimal bone health?
|
20:1
|
|
|
If the diet is lacking an essential amino acid, what will be the course of action?
|
Protein synthesis will be limited
|
|
|
A common genetic variation which causes a change in the amino acid sequence in the structure of hemoglobin leads to the disease
|
sickle-cell anemia
|
|
|
All of the following are features of protein in nutrition except
|
most of the body’s thousands of proteins have been studied and characterized
|
|
|
What is the percentage of total energy derived from protein in a diet containing 50 grams of protein and 2000 kcalories?
|
10
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of an essential amino acid?
|
It must be supplied by the diet
|
|
|
Which of the following do(es) not function as a transport protein?
|
Collagen
|
|
|
What is the Daily Value for protein based on a 2000-kcalorie intake?
|
50 g
|
|
|
Which of the following is a consequence of excess protein intake?
|
Increased production and excretion of urea
|
|
|
Dietary restriction of phenylalanine combined with adequate tyrosine is the usual treatment for people born with the disorder
|
PKU.
|
|
|
Excessive amounts of homocysteine in the blood are thought to increase the risk for
|
heart disease
|
|
|
What is the range of daily protein intake, in g/kg, recommended for athletes?
|
1.2-1.7
|
|
|
In addition to energy, what are the principal end products of cellular oxidation of carbohydrates?
|
Water and carbon dioxide
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of the metabolism of surplus dietary fat?
|
Excess fat is almost all stored
|
|
|
Which of the following accounts for the higher energy density of a fatty acid compared with the other energy-yielding nutrients?
|
Fatty acids have a greater percentage of hydrogen-carbon bonds
|
|
|
An aerobic reaction is one that requires
|
oxygen
|
|
|
After the first day or so of fasting, which of the following is most depleted in the body?
|
Glycogen
|
|
|
The amount of ethanol in a typical “drink” is
|
0.5 ounce
|
|
|
What is the percentage of ethanol in 120-proof scotch whiskey?
|
60
|
|
|
The number of ATP molecules that can be produced from a molecule of protein, fat, or carbohydrate is generally related to the number of atoms of
|
carbon
|
|
|
Which of the following outlines the overall sequence of events in the complete oxidation of glucose?
|
Glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain
|
|
|
Which of the following dietary nutrients would most rapidly reverse a state of ketosis in a starving person?
|
Amino acids
|
|
|
Adverse side effects of typical low-carbohydrate diets include all of the following except
|
high blood pressure.
|
|
|
In the adult body, food energy not stored as fat or glycogen is lost as
|
heat
|
|
|
Which of the following products is not generated via the TCA cycle or electron transport chain?
|
Ammonia
|
|
|
In the average healthy person, about how much time is required by the liver to process the alcohol in a typical drink?
|
1 hour
|
|
|
What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells?
|
ATP
|
|
|
Which of the following defines a coenzyme?
|
An organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme
|
|
|
All of the following are general features of starvation in people except
|
a decrease in mental alertness
|
|
|
After digestion and absorption, an amino acid not used to build protein will first be subjected to
|
removal of its amino group
|
|
|
Which of the following describes the sum of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells?
|
Metabolism
|
|
|
What minimum concentration of alcohol in the blood is usually fatal?
|
not 1, 5, or 50
|
|
|
Which of the following defines a moderate level of alcohol intake per day for the average-sized woman?
|
Up to 1 drink
|
|
|
A feature of catabolic reactions is that they
|
involve release of energy
|
|
|
What is the primary organ that oxidizes alcohol?
|
Liver
|
|
|
Approximately how many molecules of ATP are generated from the complete oxidation of one molecule glucose?
|
32
|
|
|
A feature of ketosis is that it
|
occurs when fats are partially oxidized.
|
|
|
What is the most satiating macronutrient?
|
Protein
|
|
|
Which of the following describes the process of thermogenesis?
|
Generation of heat
|
|
|
Which of the following diets promotes the greatest loss of body heat?
|
High protein, low fat
|
|
|
What is the weight classification assigned both to young women with 30% body fat and young men with 20% body fat?
|
?
|
|
|
Among people with anorexia nervosa, approximately what percentage are males?
|
25
|
|
|
All of the following are characteristics related to the fat content in food except
|
eating high-fat foods typically leads to underconsumption of kcalories
|
|
|
To estimate the energy requirements of individuals, which of the following is used in the equations?
|
?
|
|
|
Which of the following may be used to calculate the amount of energy expended by the body?
|
Oxygen consumed
|
|
|
A person who exhibits a physiological need to eat is most likely experiencing the sensation of
|
hunger
|
|
|
All of the following are features of the health risks associated with excessive body fat except
|
the risks are higher in black women than in white women
|
|
|
To estimate the energy requirements of individuals, which of the following is used in the equations?
|
Weight
|
|
|
The feeling of satisfaction resulting from consumption of a meal is termed
|
satiety.
|
|
|
The known health risks for being underweight include all of the following except
|
diabetes.
|
|
|
If a dancer and a typist are the same height and have the exact same body build, the dancer will be heavier because she has
|
more muscle mass
|
|
|
External cues that may cause an obese person to respond to food typically include all of the following except
|
outdoor exercises
|
|
|
There is a high risk of obesity-related health problems when a man’s waist circumference begins to exceed
|
40 inches
|
|
|
What would be the approximate weight gain of a person who consumes an excess of 500 kcalories daily for one month?
|
4 lb
|
|
|
Why might vitamin C supplements be beneficial in treating the common cold?
|
They deactivate histamine
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of weight gain and genetics?
|
Identical twins are twice as likely to weigh the same compared with fraternal twins
|
|
|
Which of the following is a general function of vitamin C?
|
Antioxidant agent
|
|
|
All of the following are general characteristics of the fat-soluble vitamins except
|
excesses are eliminated from the kidneys.
|
|
|
What is the most likely reason for the development of a vitamin B12 deficiency?
|
Inadequate absorption
|
|
|
Research has shown that the risk for neural tube defects is lowered by taking supplements of
|
folate.
|
|
|
What vitamin forms a part of coenzyme A?
|
Pantothenic acid
|
|
|
John is looking to increase his dietary sources of vitamin C. However, he expresses a strong dislike for all citrus fruits. Which of the following shopping lists would you recommend?
|
Brussels sprouts, broccoli, strawberries
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of ghrelin?
|
It stimulates appetite and energy storage
|
|
|
Approximately what percentage of U.S. adults are classified as underweight?
|
5
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a feature of vitamin E in people who engage in regular high-intensity physical activity?
|
?
|
|
|
For female endurance athletes, about how much more protein above the RDA is recommended by recognized health organizations?
|
50-75%
|
|
|
Sports drinks begin to provide an advantage over plain water for athletes when their exercise periods first exceed
|
60 minutes
|
|
|
A person’s “VO2 max” is the maximum
|
rate of oxygen consumption
|
|
|
What is the recommended composition of the postgame meal of the athlete?
|
High-carbohydrate
|
|
|
Physical performance is noticeably affected when body water loss first reaches
|
2%
|
|
|
Which of the following describes a characteristic of fat use during physical activity?
|
Athletes who consume a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet for even one day are at risk for depleting their glycogen
|
|
|
Which of the following is a characteristic of human growth hormone use in athletes?
|
Excessive use shortens life span
|
|
|
Which of the following is an effect of exercise on protein metabolism?
|
Protein synthesis is inhibited during exercise
|
|
|
A muscle that increases in size in response to use is an example of
|
hypertrophy
|
|
|
Which of the following represents current knowledge of the role of vitamin and mineral supplements in physical performance?
|
Except perhaps for iron and vitamin E, supplements are not recommended because there is no difference in the RDA of physically active people compared with sedentary people
|
|
|
When a marathon runner experiences the phenomenon known as “hitting the wall,” what nutrient is most likely depleted?
|
Glucose
|
|
|
Which of the following activities depletes glycogen most quickly?
|
Quarter-mile run
|
|
|
What is the chief adverse effect from drinking a carbonated beverage before engaging in athletic activity?
|
The bubbles induce feelings of fullness quickly and so limit fluid intake
|
|
|
What dietary nutrients are most effective at raising muscle glycogen concentrations?
|
Carbohydrates
|
|
|
The effect of regular exercise on heart and lung function is known as
|
cardiorespiratory conditioning
|
|
|
Which of the following represents current knowledge of the role of vitamin and mineral supplements in physical performance?
|
Selected Answer:
Except perhaps for iron and vitamin E, supplements are not recommended because there is no difference in the RDA of physically active people compared with sedentary people |
|
|
In training to run in your state marathon this summer, you want to determine how much fluid to drink during training sessions. Your weight at the beginning of every training session is 150 pounds. At the end of every training
|
8
|
|
|
During physical performance, what is the role of creatine phosphate?
|
Transfer of energy to make ATP
|
|
|
What is the percentage increase in the folate RDA during pregnancy?
|
50
|
|
|
The neural tube forms the early parts of the
|
brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
The process by which maternal nutrient intake affects the child’s development of diseases later in life is known as
|
fetal programming
|
|
|
In what period of pregnancy would most damage from alcohol consumption occur?
|
?
|
|
|
Of the following nutrient needs, which is considered the most difficult to meet during pregnancy, often because of low body stores?
|
Iron
|
|
|
With few exceptions, all of the following substances or practices should be totally eliminated during pregnancy except
|
artificial sweeteners
|
|
|
What is gestational diabetes?
|
Abnormal blood glucose maintenance during pregnancy
|
|
|
Which of the following is a characteristic of vegetarian diets during pregnancy or lactation?
|
It is possible that a vegetarian diet can support a healthy pregnancy and normal lactation
|
|
|
What is the most reliable indicator of an infant’s future health status?
|
Infant’s birthweight
|
|
|
What is the most likely explanation for the increased prevalence of obesity in children over the past 30 years?
|
They are less active physically
|
|
|
If a child is reluctant to try a new food, it is best to
|
quietly remove it and present it again at another time
|
|
|
What is the chief reason that breast-fed infants usually need to eat more frequently than formula-fed infants?
|
Breast milk is digested faster
|
|
|
What is the chief protein in human breast milk?
|
Alpha-lactalbumin
|
|
|
Which of the following is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among U.S. and Canadian children?
|
Iron
|
|
|
An adverse reaction to food that does not signal the body to form antibodies is termed a
|
food intolerance
|
|
|
Why should new foods be introduced to an infant one at a time?
|
Any allergic reactions can be detected
|
|
|
Approximately how many kcal per day does an average 6 year old need to obtain?
|
1600
|
|
|
All of the following are features of breast milk banks except
|
they accept milk from mothers who smoke cigarettes but not marijuana.
|
|
|
Of the following cereals, which is most likely to result in an allergic reaction upon first feeding?
|
Wheat
|
|
|
Approximately what percentage of a person’s life expectancy is dependent upon his personal behavior?
|
75
|
|
|
All of the following are features of osteoarthritis except
|
nicotine intake reduces inflammation and increases flexibility.
|
|
|
What is the most important predictor of a person’s mobility in the later years?
|
?
|
|
|
How does aspirin reduce inflammation and pain?
|
It interferes with the synthesis of prostaglandins
|
|
|
What is a congregate meal?
|
A meal provided for the elderly in a place such as a community center
|
|
|
Vitamin B12 deficiency in the elderly is least likely to occur from
|
insufficient intake of vitamin B12
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of calcium nutrition in the elderly?
|
Calcium intakes are well below recommendations
|
|
|
Factors known to be related to the appearance of Alzheimer’s disease include all of the following except
|
a decrease in homocysteine synthesis
|
|
|
What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States?
|
Over 85 years
|
|
|
All of the following are characteristics of vitamin B12 nutrition in older people except
|
the DRI Committee recommends that older people increase their meat intake to provide adequate vitamin B12.
|
|
|
Which of the following statements describes one aspect of mineral nutrition of older adults?
|
Iron absorption is reduced due to low stomach acidity
|
|
|
Which of the following is a characteristic of aging and the immune system?
|
Antibiotics are often ineffective in treating older people who have deficient immune systems
|
|
|
A person with dysphagia has
|
difficulty swallowing
|
|
|
A major side effect from the regular use of some antipsychotics, antidepressants, and corticosteroids is
|
substantial weight gain
|
|
|
Glucosamine and/or chondroitin supplements are used by some people to treat symptoms of
|
arthritis
|
|
|
Approximately what percentage of a person’s life expectancy is under control of her genes?
|
25
|
|
|
All of the following are features of arthritis except
|
weight-bearing exercises often aggravate the pain from osteoarthritis
|
|
|
What was the average life expectancy of a person born in the year 1900?
|
47 years
|
|
|
What is the minimum number of glasses of water per day recommended for older adults?
|
6
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of energy intake and longevity?
|
Improvements in longevity depend on reducing energy intake but not on the amount of body fat
|
|
|
What is a common side effect from taking certain prescription drugs and consuming grapefruit juice?
|
Blood concentrations of the drugs increase
|
|
|
Factors known to be related to the appearance of Alzheimer’s disease include all of the following except
|
a decrease in homocysteine synthesis
|
|
|
Among the elderly, malnutrition is most common in those living
|
in nursing homes
|
|
|
What is believed to be the primary cause of type 1 diabetes?
|
Defect of the immune system
|
|
|
Diabetes is known to increase the risk for all of the following except
|
cancer
|
|
|
The process by which immune cells engulf and then destroy bacteria is known as
|
phagocytosis
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a feature of dietary fat and cancer?
|
Type of fat may influence cancer initiation
|
|
|
What happens after absorption of carcinogens that are produced on meats from grilling over a direct flame?
|
They are detoxified by the liver
|
|
|
A person with diabetes is most likely to develop
|
heart attacks
|
|
|
Among the following lifestyle changes, which has the least favorable effect on reducing blood pressure?
|
Limiting daily alcohol intake to 1-2 drinks
|
|
|
Which of the following dietary components is thought to be protective against certain types of cancer?
|
Fiber
|
|
|
Markers for inflammation as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease include high levels of all of the following except
|
ephedra.
|
|
|
The DASH diet was developed to lower the risk for
|
hypertension
|
|
|
Common cell types that make up the immune system include all of the following except
|
P-cells
|
|
|
What happens after absorption of carcinogens that are produced on meats from grilling over a direct flame
|
They are detoxified by the liver
|
|
|
Which of the following blood pressure readings first signifies a diagnosis of hypertension?
|
140 over 90
|
|
|
The immune system treats foreign substances such as bacteria and toxins as
|
antigens
|
|
|
Markers for inflammation as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease include high levels of all of the following except
|
ephedra
|
|
|
Being obese is known to increase the probabilities of contracting all of the following diseases except
|
kwashiorkor
|
|
|
The most common form of cardiovascular disease is
|
coronary heart disease
|
|
|
All of the following are features of herbs sold to the public except
|
they are considered appropriate for treatment of certain major health disorders such as cancer or AIDS.
|
|
|
If you suspect that you are suffering from a foodborne illness, appropriate actions to take include all of the following except
|
find a portion of the remaining suspected food and ask someone else to taste it to detect any off flavors
|
|
|
What nutrients in foods are most vulnerable to losses during food handling and preparation?
|
Water-soluble vitamins
|
|
|
What is the most common source of bottled water?
|
Springs and wells
|
|
|
Which of the following is a characteristic of meat contamination?
|
Consumers are not able to detect the presence of harmful bacteria by odor or taste
|
|
|
To determine quickly if a particular glass or ceramic vessel is safe for use in a microwave oven, place the empty container in the microwave and “cook” it for one minute; the container should feel
|
cool
|
|
|
How many different forms of vitamin A are active in the body?
|
3
|
|
|
Substantial health benefits may be achieved by engaging in a moderately intense level of exercise at a frequency of at least
|
2.5 hours/week
|
|
|
A craving for non-food substances is known as
|
pica
|
|
|
Which of the following is a characteristic of the trace minerals?
|
The amounts in foods are dependent, in part, on soil composition
|
|
|
All of the following organs are required for the complete synthesis of activated vitamin D except the
|
intestines.
|
|
|
What is the name given to the human organism two to eight weeks after fertilization and the stage at which the digestive system is formed?
|
Embryo
|
|
|
Magnesium is known to be involved in all of the following except
|
production of red blood cells
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D synthesis?
|
Dark-skinned people require longer sunlight exposure than light-skinned people to synthesize equivalent
|
|
|
What is the name of the condition characterized by high blood pressure, edema, and protein in the urine of a pregnant woman?
|
Preeclampsia
|
|
|
Which of the following minerals functions primarily in reactions that consume oxygen?
|
Copper
|
|
|
All of the following are chief storage sites for surplus iron except the
|
muscle
|
|
|
How is vitamin E thought to play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease?
|
It slows oxidation of low-density lipoproteins
|
|
|
Which of the following is one of the recommendations to treat pregnancy-associated heartburn?
|
Eat many small meals
|
|
|
For maximum benefits, cardiorespiratory endurance episodes should be sustained for at least
|
20 minutes
|
|
|
Zinc is known to play an important role in all of the following functions except
|
oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids
|
|
|
Which of the following is not among the common food sources of potassium?
|
Cheeses
|
|
|
What nutrient deficiency during pregnancy may give rise to a child with cretinism?
|
Iodine
|
|
|
Which of the following is a characteristic of foodborne illness during pregnancy?
|
The risk for listeriosis is substantially higher in pregnant women than in other healthy adults
|
|
|
What is the most reliable source of dietary fluoride?
|
Public water
|
|
|
Which of the following would be the best choice for physically active people who need to rehydrate?
|
Diluted juice or cool water
|
|
|
Fluoride deficiency is best known to lead to
|
dental decay
|
|
|
The animal version of vitamin D is known as
|
cholecalciferol
|
|
|
All of the following play important roles in acid-base balance except
|
the liver
|
|
|
Over the course of the entire pregnancy, approximately how much extra energy, in kcal, does the average pregnant woman need to consume?
|
72,000
|
|
|
What is the major extracellular anion?
|
Chloride
|
|
|
The preferred unit of expression of vitamin A is the
|
retinol activity equivalent
|
|
|
Which of the following is an effect of exercise on protein metabolism?
|
Protein synthesis is inhibited during exercise
|
|
|
Which of the following types of drinking water contains the lowest amount of minerals?
|
Distilled water
|
|
|
Which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body?
|
water
|
|
|
Which of the following disorders may be linked with the presence of high blood iron?
|
Heart disease
|
|
|
All of the following are features of older pregnant women in comparison with younger pregnant women except
|
maternal mortality rates are lower
|
|
|
How much calcium (mg) would typically be absorbed by a normal adult with a calcium intake of 1,000 mg?
|
300
|
|
|
Which of the following may result from excessive intakes of vitamin D by adults?
|
Mineral deposits in soft tissues such as the kidney
|
|
|
How many micrograms of dietary beta-carotene are equivalent to 1 retinol activity equivalent?
|
12
|
|
|
Where is the majority of the body’s magnesium found?
|
Bones
|
|
|
Which of the following represents the most reliable dietary source of zinc?
|
Meats and whole-grain cereals
|
|
|
What is the major intracellular cation?
|
Potassium
|
|
|
All of the following statements are specific to the critical periods of cell division except
|
high-nutrient-density food fed after the critical period can remedy a growth deficit.
|
|
|
What is the adult RDA for iodine?
|
150 µg
|
|
|
You have just been hired by the World Health Organization to promote nutrition education and policies in a small country in Asia, whose population has a high prevalence of goiter. Which of the following policies would be the best to implement with respect to iodine status, cost, and efficiency?
|
Fortify the salt with iodine
|
|
|
If a normal, healthy adult were to begin consuming a vitamin A-poor diet, approximately how much time would pass before the first deficiency symptoms would appear?
|
1 to 2 years
|
|
|
The normal blood pH range is approximately
|
7.35-7.45
|
|
|
What is the role of vitamin E in the metabolism of free radicals?
|
Eliminator
|
|
|
An enzyme in which zinc or copper is an integral part of its structure is classified as a(n)
|
metalloenzyme
|
|
|
The rare genetic disorders Menkes disease and Wilson’s disease result from abnormal utilization of
|
copper.
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin K?
|
Bacteria in the intestines synthesize bioavailable vitamin K
|
|
|
What mineral is part of vitamin B12?
|
Cobalt
|
|
|
A child diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia would most likely benefit from increasing the consumption of
|
red meat
|
|
|
What is the adult AI for vitamin K?
|
90-120 µg
|
|
|
Approximately what percent of the body’s vitamin A stores are found in the liver?
|
90
|
|
|
Which of the following should be a component of a healthy diet for athletes?
|
Nutrient-dense foods
|
|
|
Chromium deficiency is characterized by
|
enlargement of the liver
|
|
|
What population group is most vulnerable to vitamin A toxicity?
|
Children
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a characteristic of caffeine and lactation?
|
The A.M.A. recommends no caffeine intake during lactation
|
|
|
Under normal circumstances, what is the average percentage of dietary iron that is absorbed?
|
18
|
|
|
Which of the following is known to enhance iron absorption?
|
Foods containing vitamin C
|
|
|
Which of the following describes a relationship between body weight and pregnancy?
|
Underweight women who gain 30 lbs during pregnancy tend to birth smaller babies than heavier women who gain 30 lbs
|
|
|
To minimize the risk of calcium toxicity, total daily intakes should be held to a maximum of
|
2,500 mg
|
|
|
Among the following ethnic groups, which has the highest bone density?
|
African-American
|
|
|
Which of the following is a protein that carries iron through the circulation to the tissues?
|
Transferrin
|
|
|
All of the following are properties of electrolytes except
|
they include fat-soluble as well as water-soluble particles
|
|
|
What is the body’s most indispensable nutrient?
|
Water
|
|
|
What mineral is critical to the synthesis of thyroxine?
|
Iodine
|
|
|
Which of the following is known to require vitamin K for its synthesis?
|
Prothrombin
|
|
|
Which of the following represents the most likely cause of manganese toxicity?
|
?
|
|
|
The components of fitness include all of the following except
|
bone fragility
|
|
|
Which of the following symptoms would ordinarily not be found in individuals with iron-deficiency anemia?
|
Diminished sense of smell
|
|
|
Which of the following conditions may improve with vitamin E therapy?
|
Intermittent claudication
|
|
|
Which of the following features do vitamins C and E share?
|
Both function as antioxidants
|
|
|
During pregnancy, which of the following nutrients show a dramatic increase in absorption?
|
Calcium and iron
|
|
|
Which of the following foods should be especially limited in the diet of individuals with hemochromatosis?
|
Iron-fortified cereals
|
|
|
Which of the following conditions is known to lead to formation of mineral deposits in the blood vessels and kidney?
|
Excessive intake of vitamin D
|
|
|
The most common tests to diagnose iron deficiency include all of the following measures except
|
DNA content of red blood cells
|
|
|
Which of the following disorders may result from vitamin E deficiency in people?
|
Erythrocyte hemolysis
|
|
|
What is the major source of dietary sulfur?
|
Protein
|
|
|
What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet?
|
Processed foods
|
|
|
How much time spent in vigorous activity is usually needed to deplete glycogen reserves?
|
2 hours
|
|
|
Which of the following meats would be the best source of copper?
|
Shellfish
|
|
|
Which of the following individuals would most likely not need an iron supplement?
|
Elderly female
|
|
|
What is/are the main function(s) of vitamin D?
|
Promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption and promotes calcium mobilization from bone
|
|
|
On average, one retinol activity equivalent is equal to about how many international units?
|
3
|
|
|
Which of the following does not have an RDA?
|
Fluoride
|
|
|
In weight training, muscle endurance can best be emphasized by combining a
|
high number of repetitions with lighter weight
|
|
|
Signs of iron toxicity include all of the following except
|
hypochromic anemia
|
|
|
Which of the following foods are known to contain goitrogens?
|
Cauliflower and broccoli
|
|
|
What is the major intracellular anion?
|
Phosphate
|
|
|
What is the predominant fuel used by muscle cells during low- or moderate-intensity activity?
|
Fat
|
|
|
What is the major cause of iron deficiency?
|
Poor nutrition
|
|
|
Which of the following is a characteristic of amenorrhea?
|
It induces prolonged bone loss
|
|
|
External cues that may cause an obese person to respond to food typically include all of the following except
|
outdoor exercises
|
|
|
What is the approximate percent efficiency of conversion of food energy to ATP energy in the body?
|
50
|
|
|
Glycolysis is the conversion of
|
glucose to pyruvate
|
|
|
What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells?
|
ATP
|
|
|
Jenny is 34 years old and has a BMI of 28. Her body type could be described as “pear-like.” John is 55 years old with a BMI of 28, and a body type that is “apple-like.” Why is John more likely than Jenny to be at risk for degenerative diseases?
|
He has central obesity
|
|
|
What is the first product of fatty acid catabolism?
|
Acetyl CoA
|
|
|
What is the most satiating macronutrient?
|
Protein
|
|
|
Approximately what percentage of overweight people who intentionally lose weight are able to maintain the weight loss for at least one year?
|
50
|
|
|
Which of the following is an essential nutrient for human beings?
|
Folate
|
|
|
A cathartic is a
|
strong laxative
|
|
|
Which of the following food groups is a rich source of vitamin C?
|
Fruit group
|
|
|
General characteristics of the water-soluble vitamins include all of the following except
|
they must be consumed daily
|
|
|
After a hamburger is eaten, in what organ is the hydrolysis of its proteins initiated?
|
Stomach
|
|
|
A person who is starving is losing
|
glycogen, protein, and fat
|
|
|
All of the following are features of the health risks associated with excessive body fat except
|
the risks are higher in black women than in white women
|
|
|
An index of a person’s weight in relation to height is called
|
body mass index
|
|
|
What is the chief factor that determines a person’s susceptibility to obesity?
|
Heredity and environment
|
|
|
What serves as the body’s chief storage site for lipids?
|
White adipose tissue
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a characteristic of marasmus?
|
Affects brain development only minimally
|
|
|
Which of the following is a significant factor associated with interpretation of body composition values?
|
It is possible that muscular people may be classified as overweight
|
|
|
Aggressive treatment should be introduced in obese people if they have which of the following risk factors?
|
High LDL and low HDL
|
|
|
Which of the following leads to the production of urea?
|
Oxidation of amino acids
|
|
|
In the quest for achieving desirable body weight, adults have control over all of the following except
|
adipocyte number
|
|
|
The major cause of insulin resistance is related to
|
excess body weight
|
|
|
In what region of the body is the storage of excess body fat associated with the highest risks for cardiovascular disease and diabetes?
|
Abdomen
|
|
|
Approximately how many different proteins are present in the human body?
|
30,000
|
|
|
Approximately how many kcalories are expended per kilogram body weight when walking a mile at a moderate pace?
|
1
|
|
|
Which of the following statements is not characteristic of alcohol metabolism?
|
Alcohol is metabolized by muscle and brain cells as well as by the liver
|
|
|
A deficiency of which of the following vitamins results in accumulation of homocysteine in the blood?
|
Folate
|
|
|
According to body mass index values, what fraction of the U.S. adult population is considered overweight or obese?
|
2/3
|
|
|
When a person is performing intense physical exercise and begins to feel fatigue and a burning pain in the muscles, the response of the muscles is to synthesize more
|
lactate
|
|
|
The application of heat or acid to a protein that causes its shape to change is known as
|
denaturation
|
|
|
What is the approximate body mass index of a woman who is 5’5” and 125 lbs?
|
21
|
|
|
In a weight reduction regimen, the most realistic time frame for losing 10% of initial body weight is
|
6 months
|
|
|
What element is found in proteins but not in carbohydrates and fats?
|
Nitrogen
|
|
|
About how long does it take for a meal to be completely eliminated from the stomach?
|
4 hours
|
|
|
Of the total amount of carbohydrate energy consumed by the body, approximately what percentage is used by the brain and nerve cells?
|
50
|
|
|
Beriberi results from a deficiency of
|
thiamin
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of leptin?
|
It is a satiety signal
|
|
|
At what point is oxygen used in the electron transport chain?
|
At the end
|
|
|
Fraudulent weight reduction literature refers to visually apparent, lumpy forms of body fat as
|
cellulite
|
|
|
Which of the following metabolic reactions occurs when a cell uses energy?
|
ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP
|
|
|
When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s) can lead to storage of fat?
|
Fat, carbohydrate, and protein
|
|
|
Which of the following is an overt sign of a possible B vitamin deficiency?
|
Smooth tongue
|
|
|
What is the chief factor that determines a person’s susceptibility to obesity?
|
Heredity and environment
|
|
|
The weight of the body less the fat content is known as the
|
lean body mass.
|
|
|
All of the following are meal-planning strategies for underweight people who desire to gain weight except
|
they should refrain from between-meal snacking, especially energy drinks
|
|
|
Products from the electron transport chain pathway include all of the following except
|
urea
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of the metabolism of surplus dietary fat?
|
Excess fat is almost all stored
|
|
|
What is the percentage of ethanol in 120-proof scotch whiskey?
|
60
|
|
|
All of the following describe the behavior of fat cells except
|
the number decreases when fat is lost from the body
|
|
|
What would be the approximate weight gain of a person who consumes an excess of 500 kcalories daily for one month?
|
4lb
|
|
|
What is the primary factor that differentiates bulimia nervosa from binge eating?
|
Purging is rarely practiced in binge-eating disorder
|
|
|
For almost all people who use the equations for calculating Estimated Energy Requirements, the actual values fall within a range of plus or minus
|
320-400 kcal
|
|
|
Which of the following defines a coenzyme?
|
An organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme
|
|
|
What instrument is used to measure the energy content of foods?
|
Bomb calorimeter
|
|
|
Which of the following is required for the absorption of dietary vitamin B12?
|
Intrinsic factor
|
|
|
What is meant by the bioavailability of a vitamin in food?
|
The amount absorbed and subsequently used by the body
|
|
|
What is the most common eating disorder in both males and females?
|
Binge-eating disorder
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of vitamins?
|
The quantities present in foods are measured in micrograms or milligrams
|
|
|
Kwashiorkor typically develops in children of ages
|
18-24 months
|
|
|
For every decade beyond the age of 30, what is the percentage decrease in the need for total kcalories?
|
5
|
|
|
Which of the following statements defines the association between a risk factor and the development of a disease?
|
The more risk factors for a disease, the greater the chance of developing that disease
|
|
|
To assist the process of digestion and absorption, it is usually best to
|
combine different food types to enhance the absorption process.
|
|
|
Overeating and gaining body weight is an example of a
|
positive correlation
|
|
|
All of the following are classified as macronutrients except
|
calcium
|
|
|
Which of the following is a feature of cholesterol?
|
Synthesized by the body
|
|
|
The percentage of kcalorie intakes for protein, fat, and carbohydrate that are thought to reduce the risk of chronic diseases are termed the
|
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
|
|
|
What is the name given to partially digested food in the stomach?
|
Chyme
|
|
|
Information that must be lawfully provided on food labels includes all of the following except
|
the amount recommended for ingestion each day
|
|
|
What are the principles of diet planning?
|
Adequacy, balance, kcalorie control, nutrient density, moderation, and variety
|
|
|
Which of the following represents a food choice based on negative association?
|
An elderly gentleman who refuses a peanut butter and jelly sandwich because he deems it a child’s food
|
|
|
Which of the following is an alternative choice for meats in the USDA Food Guide?
|
Nuts
|
|
|
According to most dietary guidelines, what percentage of the day’s total energy intake should be furnished by carbohydrates?
|
45-65
|
|
|
What is the normal pH of stomach juice?
|
1.5-1.7
|
|
|
Which of the following is not characteristic of the USDA Food Guide?
|
Its nutrients of greatest concern include iron, chromium, and vitamin B12
|
|
|
A low risk of cardiovascular disease correlates with high blood levels of
|
high-density lipoproteins
|
|
|
Which of the following characteristics are shared by cholesterol and lecithin?
|
Both are synthesized in the body
|
|
|
In vegetarians, the RDA is higher for
|
iron.
|
|
|
As a registered dietitian at Jones Hospital, you are instructed to write a policy statement on nutrition assessment procedures for all new patients. Which of the following are the most useful parameters for the nutrition assessment of individuals?
|
Historical information, anthropometric data, physical examinations, laboratory tests
|
|
|
According to the Dietary Guidelines, what should be the maximum daily intake of cholesterol on a 2500-kcalorie diet?
|
300 mg
|
|
|
Which of the following is an enrichment nutrient for grains?
|
Folate
|
|
|
What mineral is added to refined flours in the enrichment process?
|
Iron
|
|
|
According to the Dietary Guidelines, what should be the maximum total fat intake as a percentage of energy intake?
|
35
|
|
|
Which of the following is a drawback of olestra consumption?
|
It inhibits absorption of vitamin E
|
|
|
The most highly fortified foods on the market are
|
breakfast cereals.
|
|
|
What is the AMDR for fat?
|
20-35%
|
|
|
Which of the following is used to determine the presence of abnormal functions inside the body due to a nutrient deficiency?
|
Laboratory tests
|
|
|
Which of the following is best known to result from regular ingestion of sugar?
|
Dental caries
|
|
|
A person who regularly consumes fish such as shark, king mackerel, and swordfish is at risk for ingesting potentially toxic amounts of
|
mercury
|
|
|
When blood glucose concentration falls, what pancreatic hormone is secreted to stimulate release of stored glucose?
|
Glucagon
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a typical component of stools?
|
Starch
|
|
|
All of the following are minimum requirements for becoming a registered dietitian except
|
completing up to a three-week clinical internship or the equivalent
|
|
|
The RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) for nutrients are generally
|
designed to meet the needs of almost all healthy people
|
|
|
Who would be the most appropriate person to consult regarding nutrition information?
|
Registered dietitian
|
|
|
Which of the following fibers is water insoluble?
|
Cellulose
|
|
|
Which of the following cannot be found in plants?
|
Cholesterol
|
|
|
What type of compound is lecithin
|
Phospholipid
|
|
|
What is the primary function of insulin?
|
Lowers blood glucose levels
|
|
|
In what organ does the digestion process begin?
|
mouth
|
|
|
Food labels express the nutrient content in relation to a set of standard values known as the
|
Daily Values
|
|
|
The purpose of bicarbonate in the digestive process is to
|
raise the pH of chyme
|
|
|
An essential nutrient is one that cannot be
|
made in sufficient quantities by the body
|
|
|
The most common causes of death today in the United States include all of the following except
|
tuberculosis.
|
|
|
According to nutrition labeling laws, what two minerals must be listed on the package label as percent Daily Value?
|
Calcium and Iron
|
|
|
What is the composition of sucrose?
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One glucose and one fructose unit
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Nutrient dense refers to foods that
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provide more nutrients relative to kcalories
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Which of the following is not a simple carbohydrate?
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Starch
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Gram for gram, which of the following provides the most energy?
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Fats
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the sugar replacers (sugar alcohols)?
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They have a low glycemic index
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All of the following are recognized, credible sources of nutrition information except
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Who’s Who in Nutrition
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A high risk of heart attack correlates with high blood levels of
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low-density lipoproteins
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