General Introduction
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a non-communicable disease on the rise, effecting one in nine adults in the U.S. (Nelms, Sucher, Lacey, & Roth, 2010). This trend has catapulted CKD to epidemic proportions. The disease is characterized by the progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function brought on predominantly by uncontrolled hypertension and diabetes mellitus, leaving millions at risk for developing the disease. There are five stages of CKD and they are assessed using the glomerular filtration rate; a lab test that determines how well the kidneys are filtering out waste products from the blood. The progression of CKD is not necessarily rapid and can be slowed by the institution of a well-planned diet and medicinal …show more content…
Clear protein requirements have not been outlined stemming from inconclusive data (Azadbakht, Atabak, & Esmaillzadeh, 2008; Nelms et al., 2010). The National Kidney Foundation specifies in their Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines that 0.75 g/kg of dietary protein seems rational for patients with CKD stages 1-3; however, inconclusive data requires individualized dietary protein intake (Kopple, 2001). Such inconsistencies has led to a plethora of research in recent decades focusing on the implications regarding the type of dietary protein consumed versus the amount recommended in CKD patients (Azadbakht et al., 2008; Chauveau, Combe, Fouque, & Aparicio, 2013). Vegetarian diets, as well as vegan diets, have been utilized to treat patients in all stages of CKD with successful outcomes, yet, their utilization has not been met without …show more content…
Fair et al. (2004) compared two diets (one supplemented with casein and the other with soy protein) in their rat studies and found that renal fibrosis was reduced by 38% and cyst volume was reduced by 34% after 3 weeks. Creatinine clearance increased with the soy protein diet (5.04 mL/min) compared to casein (3.42 mL/min). Velasquez et al. (2003) and Tovar et al. (2010) witnessed similar increases in creatinine clearance; however, higher glucose (133 mg/dl), and lower blood urea nitrogen (20.7 mg/24 hr) were seen in the soy protein diet in the Tovar et al. (2010) rat study. Velasquez et al. (2003) and Tovar et al. (2010) both used obese rats for their studies, in contrast, Fair et al. (2004) used rats in stage 1 of CKD. The aforementioned studies were relatively short, with the longest study lasting six
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a non-communicable disease on the rise, effecting one in nine adults in the U.S. (Nelms, Sucher, Lacey, & Roth, 2010). This trend has catapulted CKD to epidemic proportions. The disease is characterized by the progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function brought on predominantly by uncontrolled hypertension and diabetes mellitus, leaving millions at risk for developing the disease. There are five stages of CKD and they are assessed using the glomerular filtration rate; a lab test that determines how well the kidneys are filtering out waste products from the blood. The progression of CKD is not necessarily rapid and can be slowed by the institution of a well-planned diet and medicinal …show more content…
Clear protein requirements have not been outlined stemming from inconclusive data (Azadbakht, Atabak, & Esmaillzadeh, 2008; Nelms et al., 2010). The National Kidney Foundation specifies in their Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines that 0.75 g/kg of dietary protein seems rational for patients with CKD stages 1-3; however, inconclusive data requires individualized dietary protein intake (Kopple, 2001). Such inconsistencies has led to a plethora of research in recent decades focusing on the implications regarding the type of dietary protein consumed versus the amount recommended in CKD patients (Azadbakht et al., 2008; Chauveau, Combe, Fouque, & Aparicio, 2013). Vegetarian diets, as well as vegan diets, have been utilized to treat patients in all stages of CKD with successful outcomes, yet, their utilization has not been met without …show more content…
Fair et al. (2004) compared two diets (one supplemented with casein and the other with soy protein) in their rat studies and found that renal fibrosis was reduced by 38% and cyst volume was reduced by 34% after 3 weeks. Creatinine clearance increased with the soy protein diet (5.04 mL/min) compared to casein (3.42 mL/min). Velasquez et al. (2003) and Tovar et al. (2010) witnessed similar increases in creatinine clearance; however, higher glucose (133 mg/dl), and lower blood urea nitrogen (20.7 mg/24 hr) were seen in the soy protein diet in the Tovar et al. (2010) rat study. Velasquez et al. (2003) and Tovar et al. (2010) both used obese rats for their studies, in contrast, Fair et al. (2004) used rats in stage 1 of CKD. The aforementioned studies were relatively short, with the longest study lasting six