Erythropoietin

The utilisation of denied medication or techniques to enhance preparation and game by competitors is called Doping ("What is doping? | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", 2016). According to National Drug Strategy - Performance and Image Enhancing Drugs - Erythropoietin (2016), EPO manages the creation of red platelets in bone marrow and is a normally happening hormone delivered by cells in the kidneys; EPO is discharged from the kidney cells when the oxygen content in blood is low as theses kidney cells are delicate to low blood oxygen content; Moreover, to expand the oxygen conveying limit of the blood, EPO invigorates the bone marrow to deliver more red platelets. Dr Caillaud asserts that the blood itself is…

the force he could apply to his pedals. In a sport where power differentials of a tenth of a per cent can be decisive, this “qualifies as a deal breaker.” For the members of the Postal Service squad, the solution was to use the hormone EPO and blood transfusions to boost their hematocrits as high as they could without raising suspicion. (Before 2000, there was no test for EPO itself, so riders were not allowed to exceed a hematocrit of fifty per cent.) Then they would add maintenance doses over…

A Doctor 's Mistake It started off as a normal year, I had just finished my residency and now I could practice medicine on my own without someone looking over my shoulder at all times. Everything was completely normal until she was carted into the ER room with a low heart and respiratory rate. I didn 't know it at the time, but I was about to have the year of my life. I knew she was trouble from the moment I saw her carted through the door; however, she needed my help, and I was bound by law to…

There are three primary functions of the kidneys: Manage blood pressure Produce hormones and red blood cells Remove waste from blood Kidney disease for cats can be a result of a poor diet, genetics, bacterial infection, poisons and/or old age. This paper will provide nutritional guidelines in cases where age, diet or genetics generates chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a cat. While chronic kidney disease cannot be reversed and progresses with time, a diet modified for cats with CKD can help…

Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition in cats, known to affect 1 in 3 cats during their lifetime, and resulting in the persistent loss of kidney function over time. The disease is silent in its early stages, incurable, and ultimately results in death. An excessive level of phosphorus in commercial cat food is likely contributing to the prevalence and severity of CKD in cats. The feeding of lower phosphorus foods would benefit the entire cat population. A Primer on…

be banned for professional athletes, because they are dangerous, they are unethical, and they take away from the sport. Most performance enhancing drugs have been proven to be dangerous. They harm the body and lead to damaged health, in the long run. The most dangerous PEDs include synthetic testosterone, human growth hormone (HGH), and Erythropoietin (EPO). Synthetic testosterone is lab made testosterone. Synthetic testosterone allows one to, “gain strength and muscle density, decrease…

1. Blood doping is performed by athletes to increase their body’s ability “to transport more oxygen to muscles and therefore increase stamina and performance”. According to the WADA, there are three highly practiced methods that athletes use: “blood transfusions, EPO, and synthetic oxygen carriers”. (https://www.wada-ama.org/en/questions-answers/blood-doping) EPO (erythropoietin) is naturally produced by the body and can also be administered via injection. Its primary function is to promote red…

General Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a non-communicable disease on the rise, effecting one in nine adults in the U.S. (Nelms, Sucher, Lacey, & Roth, 2010). This trend has catapulted CKD to epidemic proportions. The disease is characterized by the progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function brought on predominantly by uncontrolled hypertension and diabetes mellitus, leaving millions at risk for developing the disease. There are five stages of CKD and they are assessed…

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) and dialysis have negative impact on lifestyle. Renal transplantation improves many facets of daily life. Male sexuality is a significant predictor of quality of life. This brief review summarizes the impacts of ESRD and renal replacement on a range of sexual domains as presented at the European Association of Urology meeting in Vienna. In choosing renal transplantation, men expect superior long-term survival compared to other means of renal replacement. Moreover,…

Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common chronic illness. It generally denotes the presence of renal dysfunction or renal damage lasting for three months or more (Park et al., 2015). Renal dysfunction is characterized by a reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (i.e. eGFR<60mL/min/1.732 (i.e. stages 3-5). Nonetheless, the causal role is yet to be clearly established. Dietary phosphorus can also be reduced via mechanisms such as boiling foods and soaking…