Most individuals generally like to think of themselves as moral human beings. They often directly link their moral judgments to reason alone. However, in the 18th century, Hume made the suggestion that moral judgments could be based on emotions rather than unadulterated reason. In his Moral Philosophy, Hume argues that moral distinctions are not derived from reason, but rather determined by moral emotions: feelings of approval, or disgust felt by spectators who contemplate a moral trait or action (Owen, 1992). Moral judgments find their foundation in an assessment of actions of people with respect to the set of merits ingrained in their society (Haidt, 2001).…
What is the meaning of life, - a philosophical and spiritual problem that is relevant to the determination of the ultimate goal of existence, the purpose of mankind, the human species, is one of the basic philosophical concepts, which has great significance for the development of spiritual and moral character of the person. The question of the meaning of life can also be understood as a subjective evaluation of your life path and understanding of human content and direction of his life, his place in the world as a problem of human impact on the surrounding reality and putting human purpose beyond his life. This is the starting point of Daniel Hill’s article «The Meaning of life. Daniel Hill argues that without God, life would be meaningless. »…
Hume begins his argument by asserting that animals, just like humans, learn from experience and come to infer causal connections between events. Hume describes this principle by saying: “[animals] become acquainted with the more obvious properties of eternal objects, and gradually, from their birth, treasure up a knowledge of the nature of fire, water, earth, stones, heights, depths, &c. and of the effect, which result from their operation” (Hume, 70). In order to illustrate his point, Hume cites several examples: horses learn what heights they can safely leap, and dogs learn to fear the sight of a whip (Hume, 70). Furthermore, Hume claims that non-human animals certainly do not learn to make these inferences by means of reason or argument.…
Hume argues for the antagonizing view that the principle is unreliable. Without proof it is a reliable principle Hume states, “I know in fact, that it is always inferred”. Alongside this, he states, “The connexion between these propositions is not intuitive.” So if it is always inferred and the connections made cannot be thought about, why rely on it? These questions that are asked provide a kindle to light the fire of why the principle is…
David Hume believe that humans have free, and that pre-determination also takes place on every event. Hume is a a soft-determinist and that is why he believes free will is possible. He also is a compatiblist because he believes in determinism also. He believes that you have to have determinism to have free will. They have to go to together for everything to function.…
Hume opens his book III of A Treatise of Human Nature with the premise that moral distinctions are not derived from reason. According to Hume we must turn our reflection into ‘our own breast’. J L Mackie, one of the scholars of the philosophy of David Hume criticizes this premise in the following words: “it is riddled with ambiguities: i.e. it is not clear what he means by reason when he says that moral distinctions are not derived from reason and it is also not clear how to interpret moral sense or to understand how moral distinctions are due to it”…
One being that complex ideas can be broken down into simple ideas and followed back to their root impressions. The second addition to his principle is that without impressions there would be no ideas. In this essay, I will define the Copy Principle in detail and argue the problem that Hume’s principle produces is within the definition and criteria…
David Hume was one of the most influential philosophers of his time and continues to be mentioned and studies to this day. Almost equally as impressive was the response that philosopher Immanuel Kant had to his Inquiry of Human Understanding. Kant attempted to respond to Hume’s ideas and in this essay, I will identify the Hume’s beliefs behind the concepts such as cause, and effect and I will later defend Kant’s response to Hume. He raises points that leave his reader with a deeper understanding of his concept and explicitly outlines his beliefs on the concepts that Hume covers in his Human Inquiry.…
David Hume was a well known Scottish philosopher who lived in the period of 1711-1776 and was greatly recognized for his empiricism and skepticism. He held a strong belief that the idea of knowledge is something practical, straightforward and clear, which essentially led to the formation of his famous “Copy Principle.” In his Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Hume expands on the concepts of experience and senses as means of providing knowledge. Before analyzing the degree of validity of the “Copy Principle,” it is crucial to understand the underlying concept of the argument. Hume essentially believes that all our ideas and concepts ultimately come from experience that we have acquired throughout our lifetime.…
Before bringing Hume into the picture, it is important to first examine how scientific findings like Zaki et al. ’s rely on faith: Zaki et al. must believe the findings from previous papers regarding the functions of the neural regions, namely orbitofrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens, to assess their data and to come up with their explanation. Upon closer evaluation, it becomes evident that Zaki et al.’s conclusions rely on testimonies reported by others, which is coincidentally a topic vividly explored by Hume.…
In the controversy between freedom and determinism, Hume thinks that this kind of argument can be ended by redefining the definition of necessity and liberty (63). According to Hume, this discussion had been debated for a long time because people were holding the wrong definition of necessity and liberty in examining this topic, so the incorrect definition of necessity and liberty bring the endlessness into the discussion (63). In Hume’s “Of Liberty and Necessity”, he redefines the definition of necessity and liberty, and he tries to reconcile freedom and determinism by using his new definition of necessity and liberty. This article will be divided in two parts: 1) explicating Hume’s new definition of necessity and liberty; 2) examining whether Hume’s new definition of necessity and liberty are successful to resolve the argument between free will and determinism.…
“What is the self?” has been and argument that many philosophers have attempted to answer. For David Hume there was no true answer because for him the self simply does not exist. Hume took an unprecedented approach to the self, but he did not stop there. Hume, the historian, told the tale of how we arrive at the idea of the self with major implications of how we as beings function. David Hume was a philosopher concerned understanding humans and how we derive information and knowledge.…
This is the belief that it is not possible for there to be ideas in the mind that one is not aware of. Rationalists argued that once children grew up and developed mentally, they would be able to understand the innate ideas. For Locke, the idea that they have to be able to reason to understand and ideas that are supposed to be innate shows and strengthens his argument. This would, however, have to be based on the notion that innate ideas were conscious ideas. On the other hand, if these ideas are gained after reasoning or in conjunction with reasoning, they are not in fact innate fore if they were, such ideas would include mathematics.…
In An Inquiry Concerning Morals, David Hume writes about what his view of justice is. Hume believes that when it comes to justice in a society, there is no need to prove justice and that ‘public utility’ is the origin of justice. Hume states, “… the rules of equity or justice depend entirely on the particular state and condition, in which men are placed, and owe their origin and existence to that utility which results to the public from their strict and regular observance” (Hume, pg. 86). To prove that justice is valuable to a society, he examines two claims, the origin of justice and the grounds for the merit of justice.…
In his “Essay Concerning Human Understanding,” John Locke fights tirelessly to disprove the existence of innate ideas, and instead rallies for the claim that ideas originate from experience. In one argument in particular, Locke elaborates on this by introducing the terms “sensation” and “reflection,” which he defines as two processes that supposedly act as the sources for each idea in the human mind. In a tone which exudes confidence, Locke boldly challenges his reader to locate one idea in their mind which cannot be traced back to either of these mechanisms; and, satisfied that no such feat could be accomplished, he concludes the argument. While it may seem logical and perhaps even perfectly legitimate upon first glance, there are in fact…