Vertebrate

Chordata is a phylum of the animal kingdom that includes animals possessing notochord, pharyngeal gill slit and dorsal tubular nerve cord. Although the name Chordata is attributed to William Bateson (1885), it was already prevalent around 1880. Phylum Chordata, though not the largest, is the most diverse phylum in the animal kingdom. Chordates are cosmopolitan and are well represented in marine, freshwater as well as terrestrial habitats from the equator to the high northern and southern…

able to accumulate and phagocytize damaged tissue. During experiments using antibody staining we have been able to see that the microglial cells produces Laminin at the site of trauma – a molecule that encourages neurons to outgrow in vertebrates and…

cold-blooded vertebrate animal with gills and fins and living wholly in water. Most fish reproduce by laying eggs. Some fish, such as great white sharks, give birth to live babies called pups. Some fish, such as the great white shark, can raise their body temperature. This helps them hunt for prey in cold water. The oldest known age for a fish was an Australian lungfish. In 2003, it was still alive and well at 65 years old. Fish lives in water. They have backbones, so they are vertebrates.…

The first phase is the growth of a rib primordium that turns into a rib bone during its embryotic development. The second phase, which differs from most land vertebrates, is the development of a “shelf of bone” above the shaft of the rib bone to form the unique T-shape. The final phase is the development of its teardrop-like shape, which is caused by the widening of the lower ridge of the ribs, which also reinforces…

poison dart frog also known as the Azureus. The phylum it belongs to is Chordata. Characteristics of the Chordata phylum are: most have vertebrates in other words animals with a backbone, they live in water for part of their life, they have no notochord or a skeletal rod, they have a nerve cord, and slits in their throat. For instance, blue poison dart frogs are vertebrates. Azureus are born in water and stay there while they are tadpoles, and when Azureus grow their legs and turn into frogs…

The Animal Book Chapter 1: Animal characteristics Chapter 2: Body Parts Body plans refer to similarities in development, structure, and function among members of a particular group (phylum). At some point, members of that group share the same body plan during their development process. Which could be a possible explanation for shared structural plans that have been observed in the anatomy and embryology. Timing, pattern, and scale of development determine the organism's shape, and closely…

Question 1 1.1) Hemichordates share some characters with echinoderms and chordates. Pharyngeal slits they share with chordates. Hemichordates are the sister taxon to echinoderms as described by Ambulacraria hypothesis, then gill slits are an ancestral feature for deuterostomes. These gill slits are supposedly lost in in lineage but some researchers have found evidence for gill slits in extinct carpoid echinoderms. The Ambulacraria hypothesis unites echinoderms and hemichordates on the basis of a…

progression of the loss of the limb enhancer. Through this it was found that the basal snakes ZRS enhancer was similar to limbed lizards and the substitution rate correlated with the other vertebrates, but the ZRS in the advanced snakes showed an increased number of substitutions compared to the other vertebrates. Overall every species of snakes has a ZRS enhancer and it was further exemplified that the separation between the basal and advanced snakes was based on the evolutionary constraint on…

composed of the same bones as an upper arm, forearm, and wrist in a human,” showing its connections to the human body. He then moves onto the history of our hands, referring to Sir Richard Owen’s discovery that there was a fundamental design in all vertebrate land animals along with many marine animals. Limbs had a one bone, two bones, and several little bones structure which penguins, bats, seals, whales and even dinosaurs had. Shubin then goes into detail, connecting this all to genetics,…

animals are enabled to move because of contractions and relations of muscles. Vertebrates and invertebrates movement is initiated by a combination of both passive and active forces (Linke, Granzier and Kellermayer, 2003). Passive forces in muscles are forces that develop when an inactive muscle is stretched from its resting length in resistance of the induced stretch. Passive force in the limbs movement of both vertebrate and invertebrates is the compensation force of the active force induced in…