Vertebrate

Once I tested out on the mouth, I then had to cut open the body cavity by first cutting a straight line that started just cranial to the hairs on the chin of my pig and ended cranial to the upper limbs of the pig. I then used my scalpel to cut a horizontal cut from the initial incision and pulled the skin and muscle away from the internal structures that I was required to locate in the neck. The internal structures that I had to locate in the neck were the hyoid apparatus, larynx, thyroid gland,…

Difference: The difference in the upper respiratory and lower respiratory tract is their location . The organs of the upper respiratory tract are located outside the chest cavity, whereas the lower respiratory tract are located inside the chest cavity. Upper respiratory tract infection, are conditions that affects the nose, sinus, pharynx or larynx. Conditions commonly are • tonsillitis, • pharyngitis, • laryngitis,sinusitis, • otitis media, • common cold. These conditions are basically…

Gaseous exchange Breathing is the body’s way of exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide. The lungs get oxygen through alveoli. The air is transported though the trachea and diverted though the bronchi into a lung, the bronchi extends into smaller tubes called bronchioles witch at the end of them are little air sacks (the alveoli). Oxygen is needed to get into the blood stream to allow oxygen to be supplied throughout the body in order for it to function normally. It does this by gaseous exchange.…

Oral/nasal cavity- The nasal cavity is the primary intake for air for the respiratory system, consisting of cartilage, muscle and bone. It allows for inhalation of air into the body and warms the air as it enters filtering the air by removing dust, pollen, and other contaminants, purifying the air before it is passed to the inner body. The secondary exterior opening is the oral cavity, it allows for larger quantities of air inhalation, it also has less distance to travel allowing more air to…

One of the main functions of the equine respiratory system is to trap debris. The horses nasal cavity is lined with ciliated epithelium, which produces mucus and is equipped with cilia.1 Air-borne debris gets trapped in the sticky mucus as it enters the nasal cavity and the cilia move from side to side in order to move the mucus toward the throat.1 When the debris-filled mucus reaches the throat, it can then be swallowed and digested or expelled through coughing.1 Research has shown that nearly…

Epiglottitis, Pediatric Epiglottitis is swelling and inflammation of the epiglottis. The epiglottis is a small flap of tissue at the back of the tongue. The epiglottis protects the windpipe during swallowing. It stops food and liquid from going down the windpipe. Epiglottitis can block air from going into the windpipe, which can make it hard to breathe. Epiglottitis is an emergency. CAUSES This condition is usually caused by bacteria. The bacteria infect the nose and throat. The result is…

Complications of open surgical tracheostomy and their management-our experience Introduction Tracheostomy is the surgical procedure to create an artificial opening in the trachea to bypass the obstructed airway above it. History reveals that it is an oldest surgical procedure dating back 3600 B.C.E. in Egypt(1). It has under gone numerous modifications during the past millennia. The first elective tracheostomy was done in AD 100 by Asclepiad’s of Bithynia and the described by Galen in AD131(2)…

Lilliput effect. With 1120 fish body lengths, Lauren Sallan and Andrew Galimberti conducted a study on vertebrates that lived before and after the end-Devonian mass extinction. Vertebrates during the Devonian time period exhibited an increase in body size over time as predicted. Following the end-Devonian mass extinction, a new time period known as the Mississippian was established. Vertebrates within the Mississippian showed an overall reduction in body size as time progressed. The Lilliput…

organisms. Wither they are a vertebrate or an invertebrate. A vertebrate is an organism which has a backbone. Advantages of having a backbone are that it means that they are faster than organisms which do not have a backbone and they tend to be stronger and more resilient. Examples of organisms which do have a backbone (vertebrates) are humans, birds, lion’s dogs and cats. Invertebrates are organisms which do not have a backbone. They tend to be weaker than vertebrates and smaller. Examples of…

little is understood about codon usage bias in vertebrates. It is known that natural selection preserves amino acids in proteins that have vital biological functions, but whether or not natural selection acts directly on synonymous codons is unclear.…