Submandibular gland

Introduction In vertebrates, reproduction is primarily controlled by the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the hypothalamus are key regulators of the hypothalamic neuroendocrine system mainly though the synthesis of GnRH (Moenter et al., 2003). The decapeptide GnRH is released from the hypothalamus in a pulsatile manner, and the amplitude and frequency of these pulses change throughout the estrous cycle (McCartney et al., 2002; Moenter et al.…

Hormone is a biological process that involves signaling molecules. These hormones “are secreted into extracellular fluid, which circulate in the blood or hemolymph of animals. This communicates regulatory messages throughout the body” (Reese 993). There are many things that may trigger a hormone to trigger different responses within the human body. This includes intracellular proteins and receptors. First, intracellular proteins act with intracellular receptors. “Intracellular receptors for…

The production of each hormone is kept balanced by the feedback mechanism between the individual gland (the thyroid, for example), the hypothalamus, and the pituitary gland. If a gland overproduces or underproduces a hormone, the master glands register this from the amount of hormone in the bloodstream. The master glands then respond by regulating the hormonal production. The system works with great precisior; despite the fact tat the hormones are transported in the bloodstream and are…

If there are any abnormalities to the natural release of the hormones within the human body that could negatively influence the human body in a variety of aspects at different stages of their life. Through the time period of a child becoming an adult they could experience poor growth to their height as well as their internal organs (You & Your Hormones, 2014). The lack of grow into adulthood could negatively influence their sense of well being, and increase their risk of heart disease and the…

Acne occurs in many pediatric adolescent patients. The initial cause of acne is a “clogged pore” which is keratin and sebum that rises to the surface of the skin. During puberty, androgens are released in the skin that elicits the glands to produce more sebum. The extra sebum mixes with the keratinocytes, plugs the pilosebaceous follicles to produce a “clogged pore” which is obstruction of comedones also known as blackheads and whiteheads (Ball, Bindler, & Cowen, 2015, P 1047). Open comedones…

every day to achieve the things that make you happy. Endorphins, serotonin, oxytocin and dopamine are released from the pituitary gland, which is located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland is part of the endocrine system which is responsible for growth, reproduction, sleep, mood, etc. The pituitary gland is about the size of a pea and is known as the “master gland” since it controls many important functions in the body. Endorphins, also known as “feel-good” hormones, are associated…

how mammary glands and immune system are interconnected. It is a very interesting theme because the evolution of mammary glands originates from ancient times, when they have been presented in the form of immune protective glands. At that time, they acted bactericidal effect on an organism to fight with various infections. Precisely, in response to these processes, lactation became as a response to inflammatory reactions. That fact that mammary glands may be evolved from inflamed glands is not so…

effects of norepinephrine on the heart and blood vessels. E) decrease protein synthesis. ____ 67. Calcitonin A) is synthesized by the parathyroid glands. B) acts primarily on osteoblasts. C) decreases blood Ca2+ levels. D) acts synergistically with calcitriol. E) acts permissively with PTH. ____ 68. The parathyroid glands A) are embedded within the thyroid gland. B) contain chief cells, which secrete PTH. C) are controlled by negative feedback mechanisms. D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C…

recruited from the cohort of consecutive patients referred to the Combined Head and Neck Clinic (CHNC) at a large tertiary hospital in Brisbane between September 2013 and November 2014. For inclusion, all patients had to have at least one parotid gland affected by either primary, metastatic or recurrent disease, and were planned to receive either definitive XRT or surgery with postoperative XRT to a prescription dose of 60Gy or greater. Patients were excluded from the study if they were managed…

The Causes and Effects of Stress The study of stress has gathered momentum with many different definitions with one describing the concept of stress as the emotional and physiological responses to circumstances that are too difficult to cope with or to some and which one has no choice but to endure them. Over the last few years, the term stress and it’s causes and effects have always had our attention. For some long period of time stress has always been around. Have you ever wondered what causes…