Mitral regurgitation

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the second most common form of heart muscle disease and is the number one cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes. It affects approximately one in 500 adults in the United States. HCM is a genetically determined heart muscle disease caused by more than 1400 mutations in 11 or more genes encoding proteins of the cardiac sarcomere (Maron & Maron, 2013). HCM is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) of various morphologies with a wide…

The reoxygenated blood then comes back from the lungs through the pulmonary veins and fills the left atrium. The left atrium then contracts opening the mitral valve and allowing blood to fill up the left ventricle. The left ventricle contracts closing the mitral valve and opening the aortic valve. The aortic valve opens, and blood is pushed through the valve into the aorta and distributed throughout the body.After ventricular contraction in order to prevent…

65%, fatigue, dependent edema, and jugular vein distention (AHA, 2017; Bozkurt et al., 2016; Porth, 2015). Disease progression will manifest itself in dizziness, lightheadedness and fainting spells, arrhythmias, chest pain and murmurs; mitral valve regurgitation and stasis of blood leads to thrombus formation and embolic seeding, and sudden death is possible if no heart transplant can be obtained (AHA, 2017; Porth, 2015). Treatment is directed toward symptom management and disease progression,…

Preoperative evaluation Cardiac surgery, including coronary artery bypass grafting and surgery for valvular disease, represents one of the most common classes of surgical procedures performed worldwide. Advances in the percutaneous management of coronary artery disease as well as in cardiac surgical techniques have led to improved outcomes with consequent longer life expectancy for patients. Greater numbers of patients with depressed left ventricular function, multiple comorbidities, failed…

What is Cardiovascular Disease? (Heart & Blood Vessels) A heart and blood vessel disease (heart disease) is multiple problems within the heart one major one is called atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a heart condition caused by a substance called plaque that build up on the walls of the heart arteries. This plaque buildup can narrow the hearts arteries making it harder for blood to flow through. When this problem starts to happen it can cause clotting which is able to stop blood flow and…

The echocardiogram of an individual with HCM can reveal asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy, systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve, early closing followed by reopening of the aortic valve, a small and hypercontractile left ventricle, and delayed relaxation and filling of the left ventricle during diastole. A clinical diagnosis of HCM is confirmed when unexplained increased…

From a global perspective, cardiovascular disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in most populations 1. In the UK, CVD produces tremendous strain on the NHS and has compelling consequences upon patients, resources and the economic status of health services. Whilst Cancer has recently overtaken cardiovascular disease in leading causes of death in the UK, CVD has not been trailing in terms of mortality, with 28% of deaths in men and 26% in women according to the British Heart…

left ventricle with little or no wall hypertrophy, this can lead to enlargement of the remaining heart muscle due to the failure of the left ventricle (secondary cardiomyopathy process). The progressive dilation can lead to significant mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, which in turn can lead to further dilation and myocardial dysfunction, systolic dysfunction leads to diastolic dysfunction and the when the atrial pressure increase and the atrial wall dilated, the pressure of the vein increase…

cava fills the right atrium (RA) and right ventricle (RV) through the tricuspid valve. Then, RV contracts pushing the blood to pulmonary circuit and returns oxygenated from the lungs and travels to left atrium (LA) and left atrium (LA) through the mitral valve. Left ventricle can be seen encased with thicker muscle in comparison to that…

2.1. The left ventricle and interventricular septum The heart has two inferior chambers, called the right and left ventricles, respectively. These chambers are the “pumps” that expel blood into the blood vessels and keeps it flowing through the body (Rizzo, 2016). The left ventricle is a cavity that has thick muscular walls that contains the papillary muscles as well as the chordae tendinae that attaches the atrio-ventricular valve leaflets to the papillary muscles (Leeson, Augustine,…