Extracellular

When there are genetic mutations that affect the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the outcome. CF was recently linked to CFTR defects, which is a major gene, found on the seventh chromosome. Cystic Fibrosis is not only the most common disease among those of Caucasian decent, but it also happens to be the most deadly inherited disease that affects more often Caucasian Americans. In the United States one in twenty among Caucasians are…

leading to marked urinary losses of water and electrolytes is generated. Urinary excretion of ketones requires additional losses of Na and K. Although significant total body deficit of K, K initial whey is typically normal or elevated, due to the extracellular migration of K in response to acidosis. If K is not controlled and replaced, as needed, hypokalemia is potentially fatal.…

Introduction Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, with prominent motor symptoms (i.e. rigidity, tremors and bradykinesia) [1, 2] and non-motor symptoms [3, 4] (i.e. sleep disorders, constipation, cardiac arrhythmias and cognitive deficits), ultimately leading to death. There are two defining features of PD, degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and an abundant amount of -synuclein protein in the brain creating Lewy bodies [5]. When -synuclein misfolds…

The brain, being the most complex organ of the body, controls every action and thought. It is divided into various functional units formed from brain cells that work together to respond to particular stimuli. The brain cells connect with other cells of the body to create communication routes for brain signals. As such, scientists are working to understand the complex organization of the brain with the help of tools that can tag and trace the circuits of the brain as well as finding out how…

The human body is built up with multiple organs. Each of these organs has a specific function or sometimes two. For example, the pancreas has two functions the endocrine and the exocrine. Also, each of these organs has to be balanced in order for us to be maintaining a good health. If these organs are not in the homeostasis state which means to regulate the internal environment and to maintain a stabilization, diseases can occur at any time. One of the disorders that can be seen if the…

The gathering of proteins inside a cell decides its wellbeing and capacity. Proteins are in charge of each undertaking of cell life, including cell shape and inward association, item making and waste cleanup, and routine upkeep. Proteins additionally get signals from outside the cell and prepare intracellular reaction. They are the workhorse macromolecules of the cell and are as assorted as the capacities they serve. Proteins can be huge or little, for the most part hydrophilic or for the most…

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a genetic disorder which affects the connective tissue of the body. MFS is autosomal dominant, with “approximately seventy five percent of people” diagnosed with MFS having a parent that has the disorder. The other “twenty five percent” of people with MFS have developed this disease through new gene mutation (NIH. National Human Genome Research Institute). This disease is not specific to gender, race or region, and is potentially life threatening. MFS affects multiple…

collagen fibres and fifty per cent crystallised mineral salts. There are four types of varieties of cells present; osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. A bone is not entirely solid, it has small spaces between the cells and extracellular matrix. Some spaces act as channels for blood vessels that supply bone cells with nutrients. Other spaces act as storage areas for red bone marrow. The regions of a bone may be categorised as spongy and compact depending on the size and…

can differentiate into many CD4+ effector T helper (Th) cells. These T helper cells include Th1, Th2, and Th17. (Takeuchi et al., 2015) Mossoman et al., 1986 considered Th1 to be essential for intracellular microorganism immunity, and Th2 for extracellular pathogen immunity (Zhu et al., 2008). Th17’s roles were not yet discovered. Th1 is now known to be involved in cell-mediated immunity. T helper 1 (Th1) cells control intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and certain bacteria, by producing…

Our skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a vital role in the sustenance of life through acting as a barrier against any harmful external agents including micro-organisms. When this barrier is damaged due to a cause such as trauma, this specific function is no longer preformed adequately. Therefore it is vital that the skin barrier is restored as soon as possible. A cutaneous wound is defined as a break in the epidermis of the skin; however the disruption could extend to the…