Extracellular

Neurons are not the only cells that occupied the central nervous system (CNS). In fact, neurons are outnumbered by supportive non-excitable cells, collectively called neuroglia (a.k.a. glia). The term glia was coined by Rudolph Virchow in 1859 to indicate the “connective tissue” surrounding the neurons (glia came from Greek meaning glue). However, the combination of the activities of glial cells and neurons is crucial for brain functions (Steward 2000). There are three types of glial cells in…

E - Beta myosin heavy chain is the protein that is most likely to cause the thickening of the ventricle described above. This is a major protein produced by the MYH7 gene and comprises the thick filament in cardiac muscle and plays a major role in cardiac muscle contraction. Mutations of this MYH7 cause excess thickening of the cardiac muscle, namely the left ventricle wall. It is not known how the mutation of MYH7 causes this thickening, but this thickening causes a functional impairment of…

one of four main integrins: α4 β7, LFA-1 (αLβ2, CD11a/CD18), Mac-1 (αΜβ2, CD11b/CD18), or VLA-4 (α4β1). Integrins of the β1 subfamily, specifically VLA-1, VLA-2, VLA-4, VLA-5 and VLA-6, have been shown to facilitate leukocyte migration across extracellular matrix. It is important to note that there is considerable redundancy: multiple ligands have been identified for a single receptor, and multiple receptros bind a single ligand (Lowell et al., 2012). The proadhesive properties of integrins are…

The respiratory system within the human body is consisted of many different organs and the lungs play a role in controlling the pH. There are times in which a patient respiratory status becomes compromised and the need for quick thinking or response from the health care professional, can help save the patient life. The respiratory imbalance experienced by the patient can be interpreted as metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis through the collection of an arterial blood gas. The patient lab…

In 1906, Alois Alzheimer described the pathological features of presenile dementia. He noted the presence of military foci (Plaques) and fibrils in the brain of one of his cases, although he was not the first to describe the clinical features nor was he the first to describe the plaques. He was, however, the first to describe the fibrils. This disease was named after him by his senior colleague because of his statement that he was describing a new disease entity. (Hardy 2006).…

(Donlan).” Biofilm associated microorganisms are different from planktonic, or freely suspended organisms in regard to which distinct genes are transcribed. They can also be differentiated by their slower rate of growth and their production of extracellular polymeric matrix, or EPM, which is Most of us…

Squamous cell carcinomas of the lungs, head and neck, esophagus, and cervix account for over 400,000 deaths per year. Finding a way to effectively treat this type of cancer is very important for the well being of people. In this primary research article, the authors attempt to find a mechanism by which squamous cell carcinoma proliferation and invasion are inhibited. They use the cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1), which is a tumor suppressor, to show that it is possible to prevent squamous cell…

inhibit the pumping action produced by the enzymes of the sodium-potassium pump [3]. In the heart, these inhibitors increase the force of contraction and regulate contractility [10]. Digoxin Digoxin is from a digitalis plant which binds to the extracellular side of the sodium potassium pump meaning that it binds to potassium. The inhibition of the sodium potassium pump makes calcium more abundant to other proteins. This leads to the force of the heartbeat to be stronger while decreasing the…

with your body, thus, it is using osmosis to get into our body. Putting rice in water and boiling is pretty much the same, the water will move into the rice, causing it become cooked or swell. Relating to this, tonicity is the ability to of an extracellular solution to make water move either inside…

Muscles are often only described by large features and classified by a particular region of group of muscles, which does not do the complexity muscle tissue justice. When a skeletal muscle cell is broken down on a microscopic level one is able to truly grasp just how intricate skeletal muscles are along with how they function on a physiological level. Skeletal muscle cells cannot be understood until three key aspects of their structure are enumerated and these are their myofibrils, sarcoplasmic…