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240 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are fats saturated with?
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hydrogens
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solid @ body temp/room temp
MP 149 degrees C stick together |
saturated fats
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what two saturated fats are liquid at body temp?
<10carbons used as energy |
butyric acid in dairy and coconut oil
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essential fatty acids
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Omega 3 and Omega 6
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Presursor to Omega 3
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Alpha-linolenic acid
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Precursor to Omega 6
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Linoleic acid
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sources of alpha-linolenic acid
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flaxseed oil-60%
Green leafy vegetables -50% hemp seed - 25% pumpkin seed - 15% |
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Alpha-linolenic acid converts to what in th body?
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Alpha-linolenic acid can be converted into EPA and DHA in the body
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Sources of EPA and DHA
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Cold water fish
some forms of algae egg yolk raw brain, adrenals, eyeballs, and testes |
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Sources of Linoleic Acid
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corn oil
safflower oil sunflower oil, soybean, walnut |
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sources of Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA)
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Evening Primrose Oil (EPO)
borage seed oil black currant seed oil Mother's milk |
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Sources of Arichidonic Acid
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animal products, peanut oil
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Too much Arichidonic Acid consumed
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= too much in the body
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Sources of nonessential Omega 9
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Oleic Acid from
olive oil, Rapeseed oil (canola) oil from almonds, cashews, macadamias, pecans, and peanuts |
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Monosaturated fats contain more double bonds which makes them more susceptible to what?
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heat, light, oxygen
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Calories per gram of fat
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9
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function of fatty acids
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energy
maintain fluidity of cell membranes transport cholesterol chromosome stability transport toxins to surface ofskin, lungs, intestines, and kidneys for elimination eicosanoid production |
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Factors that block Delta-6-Desaturase
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High dietary and serum cholesterol
saturated fats trans-fat, stress, alcohol sugar, atopy, infancy, aging steroids, NSAIDS, high blood glucose, high insulin, obesity, smoking, fasting |
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What can make both inflammatory or antiinflammatory products
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Omega 6
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to normalize lipid metabolism
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eat low on theglycemic index
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How much EFA do we need?
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2% minimal
5-10% optimal Men more than women |
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Signs of fatty acid imbalance
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dry skin, cracked on heels or fingertips
pale skin on cheeks dry hair, eyes, dandruff increased thirst, freq. urination, allergies, freq. infections, soft nails, brittle layered nails, irritability, fatigue, attention deficit, learnig problems, hyperactivity, poor wound healing |
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Essential Fatty Acids are damaged by what?
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heat, light , oxygen
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Why are foods hydogenated?
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to extend shelf-life
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what results from hydrogenating fats?
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trans-fats, isomers, fragments
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What blocks EFA receptors, not allowing omega's 3 and 6 into the cell?
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trans-fatty acids
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What increases platelet aggregation,total serum cholesterol, decreases HDL, and impairs cell membrane function
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Trans-fatty acids
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95% of our trans fatty acid intake is from what?
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hydrogenated vegetable oils
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what percentage of trans fatty acids comes from animal fat?
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5%
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According to Pritikin, Ornish, and others how much fat do we need in our diet?
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10% of total calories max
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According to Sears how much fat do we need in our diet
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30% of total calories
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On the Atkins diet what is the maximum amount of fat you should consume?
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unlimited
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The China Study recommends how much fat?
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maximum around 20%
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Always increase the intake of what with fatty acid supplemetation?
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Antioxidants
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Fatty acid supplementation may change dosages on what medicines?
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Prozac and Insulin
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Studies show that unaltered coconut oil can ______ LDL's, and _________ HDL's
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decrease, increase
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Coconut oil conatains ______acid
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Lauric
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Lauric acid is converted by gut bacteria into __________
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monolaurin
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Monolaurin inactiviates what?
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bacteria, yeast, fungi, and viruses such as HIV, CMV, HSV, measles
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What other acid is contained in coconut oil and has anti-parasitic properties?
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Caprylic Acid
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Ritalin (methylphenidate HCD)
is addictive. T or F |
True
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Ritalin uses the same brain receptors as what other drug?
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cocaine
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Ritalin has no known side effects? T or F
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False, they are anorexia, decreased growth, visual disturbances, insomnia, depression, irritability, psychosis
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Hyperglycemia presents with symptoms which could be mistaken for ADHD. T or F
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true
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Sugar triggers adrenaline release. Adrenaline levels can be ___ times higher than normal for up to ___ hours
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10, 5
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To manage hypoglycemia you should eat every ____ hours and avoid ______ and ________ _______________
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2, sugar and refined carbohydrates
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Histamine release can disturb blood sugar. T or F
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true
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What nutritional tool can chiropractors use to treat allegies?
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Elimination diet
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Large undigested molecules called macromolecules pass through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream
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Leaky Gut Syndrome
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what causes leaky gut?
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infections, alcohol intake and NSAIDS are m/c causes
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What are formed in leaky gut syndrome that may lead to RA, MS, SLE, and others?
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antibodies
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With leaky gut syndrome what translates into the bloodstream?
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bacteria and yeast
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Reduction in what causes susceptibilty to infection and infestation?
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IgA
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Damaged carrier proteins with leaky gut syndrome create _________ ____________
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Nutrient defiencies
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Leaky gut syndrome increases the production of free radicals and carcinogens by the liver's _____________
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cytachrome P-450 system
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Reactive by-products of the cytachrome P-450 system can damage __________, __________, and ___________
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hepatacytes, bile duct, pancreas
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With leaky gut syndrome the liver builds its reserves of sulfur containing Amino Acids. T or F
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false, they deplete
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What is a normal result for a Lactulose and Mannitol Test?
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low Lactulose with high Mannitol
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An abnormal result for a Lactulose and Mannitol test would be..
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low Mannitol and high Lactulose
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Lactulose is a disaccharide that is well absorbed or NOT well absorbed by the healthy gut.
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Not well absorbed
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Mannitol is a monosaccharide that is not metabolized and is normally carried across the gut wall by facilitated transport. T or F
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True
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Low Mannitol indicates______________.
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malabsorption. Look for Celiac disease, intestinal parasites, ileitis
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High Lactulose indicates
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Inflammatory bowel disease, toxin exposure, infection, food allergies, bacterial overgrowth
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What are the four R's of the 4R program?
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Remove
Replace Repopulate Repair |
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Dr. Jefferey Bland developed the Elimination Diet. T or F
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False, He developed the 4R program.
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Performing the CDSA test (comprehensive digestive stool analysis) is part of what step in the 4R program?
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Remove, Identifies pathogens
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You can treat pathogens naturally and effectively using :
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garlic, black walnut, citrus seed extract, Artemesia, oregano, caprylic Acid, etc..
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What test is the gold standard for screening the pH of the stomach?
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Heidelberg capsule
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You can screen for low HCL in the stomach by drinking lemon juice. T or F
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True
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The Heidelberg capsule and Lemon Juice screening test are done in what phase of the 4R program?
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Replace
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Probiotics are used during what phase of the 4R program?
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Repopulate
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When do you implement nutrients such as vitamins and minerals in the 4R program?
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during Repair phase
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What is a trigger for the oxidation of LDL?
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Iron
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What vitamins and minerals do you use for skin conditions?
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Vitamin A and Zinc
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Which vitamin has a therapeutic dose of bowel tolerance less 10%?
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Vitamin C
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Protein can be acidic or alkaline. T or F
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True
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Sugar increases ___________ and __________ ___________
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triglycerides, platelet aggregation
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Folic Acid masks symptoms of __________________
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B12 defiency
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Too much _____________ and _______________ can raise homocysteine levels.
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Cysteine and Methionine
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Glutamine promotes _______ __________ especially in the GI tract.
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tissue health
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Raw cabbage is great for ulcers. T or F
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True
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Licorice Root is harmful to the GI tract. T or F
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False, Licorice Root is great fo GI problems.
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_________ ___________ is a vegetable source for FOS used in the Repopulate stage of the 4R program.
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Jerusalem Artichoke
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Gentian Root stimulates ____
and rehabilitates parietal cells. |
HCL
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Reaction not the same as others
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Altered Reactivity
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Hypersensitivity is the same as allergy. T or F
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False, Allergies produce an immune reaction hypersensitivities do not.
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Which types of allergic reactions can include food allergies?
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Type 1 and type 4
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What does a true allergy reaction release?
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Histamine, bradykinin, eosinophils
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Type 1 allergic reaction is ___ mediated.
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IgE
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A type 1 allergy reaction is immediate and occurs within __ seconds to ____ hours after exposure.
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2, 2
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Anaphylaxis occurs with type 4 allergy reactions. T or F
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False, Type 1
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A type 4 allergy reaction is ____ mediated.
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cell
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________ reacts directly with the antigen in a type 4 reaction.
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T-cells
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Type 4 allergy reactions occur within hours. T or F
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False, thye are delayed and happen several days after exposure.
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The natural components, associated with reactions, Methylxanthines are found in what foods?
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coffee, tea, cola, and chocolate
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Histamine is found in what foods?
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Pork sausage, canned tuna, fermented foods
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Tyramine is found in what foods?
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canned fish, some wines and cheeses.
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What well known food additive is an excitotoxin?
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MSG
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Sulfites, used in salad, avocado dips, beer, wine, and dried fruit can be safe if you are not allergic. T or F
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True
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Nitrites, found in lunch meats, hotdogs, cheese ... can be bad for you even if you aren't allergic. T or F
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True
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Food colorings, emulsifiers, and Aspartame have not been associated with allergic reactions.
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False
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Toxins are endogenous in what foods?
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shell fish, tropical fish, and mushrooms
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A bacterial toxin found in canned foods.
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Botulism
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A common toxin produced by fungus, often found in peanuts.
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aflatoxin
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Metals can be a food toxin. T or F.
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True
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What is dysbiosis?
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An imbalance of gut flora
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Gastrointestinal enzyme defiencies include
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Lactose, Galactase, Maltase, Sucrase
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Pathological gastrointestinal disorders
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ulcer, enteropathy, parasitic infestation, cholecystitis
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Physical disorders of gastrointestinal tract
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obstruction, Hiatal Hernia, Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
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Inborn errors of Metabolism
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PKU, Maple Syrup Urine, Galactesemia
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In one study 100% of children with food allergies had a defiency in ________and ____
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acidophillus, bifidus
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Assesment for food allergies include history, physical exam, __________, and ______________
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laboratory exams, and food diary
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ESR checks for what?
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inflammation
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A food Diary includes what information?
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What, when, how much, chgs in symptoms, EVERYTHING they ate or drank for 1 week
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What diet is effective for determining food allergies?
|
The Elimination Diet
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Allergy patients often have decreased _____________and may benefit from quality essential fatty acids.
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delta-6-desaturase
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Evening Primrose Oil and Black Currant oil contain which essential fatty acid?
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GLA
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Dr. Chestnut stated that if we continue to eat the _____ we won't convert our essential fatty acids to GLA or DHA.
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SAD ( Standard American Diet)
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The top three offending foods for gall bladder problems are
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egg 92.8%, pork 83.8%, onion 52.2%
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Egg white albumin stimulates mast cells to produce _______
independent of an antigen/antibody reaction. |
Histamine
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Coffee binds with opiate receptors therefore endorphins won't work. T or F
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True
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Vitamins B1, B12, and C all have shown to reduce ______.
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pain
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Coffeebinds with ________ receptors blocking endorphins
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opiate
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L-Tryptophan appears to raise or lower pain threshold.
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raise
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Inflammation is directly related to which pathway?
|
essential fatty acid
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To avoid inflammation one should avoid ________ and foods high in ________ _____.
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sugar, Arachidonic Acid
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Which enzyme must be reduced to avoid inflammation?
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Delta- 5 - desaturase
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What herb is an anti inflammatory?
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Boswella
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Meat, Dairy, Eggs increase
__________ _______ |
Arachidonic Acid
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Vitamin E and Curcumin (Curry) decrease
|
Arachidonic Acid
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Bioflavonoids, ginger, vitamin E, EPA, zinc and selenium all increase inflammatory eicosonoids. T or F
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False, they decrease inflammatory eicosonoids.
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Omega 6 and Omega 3 will ultimately produce anti-inflammatory eicosonoids if not inhibited. T or F
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True
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Coolagen is the most abundant ____________ in the body.
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protein
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Albumin is the most abundant protein in the ________
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blood
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The primary purpose of what is tensile strength?
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collagen
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A component of chondroitin sulfate. Stimulates proteoglycan synthesis, decreases pain and inflammation improves function
|
Glucosamine sulfate
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D-glucuronic Acid provides __________ protection for the synovium.
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antioxidant
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These help the body build superoxide dismutase (SOD)
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zinc, copper, manganese
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What lowers nociceptor threshold, activates Bradykinin?
|
Tissue acidity
|
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In ischemic or inflamed tissue is the pH acidic or alkaline?
|
acidic as low as 5.4
|
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Promotes inflammation, increases pain, increases vascular permeability, increases fibrotic deposition, increase WBC, attracts Leukocytes
|
Bradykinin
|
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What mineral helps relax muscles?
|
Magnesium
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Bradykinin and Cytokines are reduced by an acidic or alkaline diet
|
Alkaline
|
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Meats are alkaline. T or F
|
False, fruits and vegetables are alkaline, meats are acidic
|
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What defiency leads to decreased aerobic glycolysis, increased free radicals, increased platelet aggregation
osteoporosis, cardiac arrhythmia, muscle spasms? |
Magnesium
|
|
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What causes Magnesium deficiency?
|
sugar, alcohol, fat, excess calcium intake, stress, insufficient GLV's and, whole grains
|
|
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Platelet aggregation is increased by
|
saturated fats, smoking food antigens, low antioxidant status, EFA imbalances, hypoglycemia, stress
|
|
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Platelets aggregation is decreased by:
|
Omega 3 fatty acids, Magnesium, antioxidants, elimination diet, bioflavonoids, Vitamins C and E, ginger, garlic, tumeric, onion
|
|
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Increases osteoclasts, stimulates collagenase, increases vascular permeability, increases inflammation
|
Arachidonic Acid
|
|
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All bodily fluids are ________, with the exception of gastric juices.
|
alkaline
|
|
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How do we tell if we are acidic or alkaline?
|
Check urine
|
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What is a buffer?
|
something that restores the original pH of a solution when an acid or base is added.
|
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Blood can handle ______times more acid than water.
|
300
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Kidneys balance pH in _______, lungs in _________, Buffer systems in __________.
|
hours to days, minutes, seconds
|
|
|
pK =6.1
operates outside of cell very powerful requires sodium or other alkalizing minerals |
Bicarbonate
|
|
|
pK=6.8
primarily inside of cell uses potassium |
Phosphate buffer
|
|
|
pK = 7.4
buffers in either direction many AA's can accept or reject H+ |
Protein Buffers
|
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What three fruits are not alkaline?
|
plums, prunes, and cranberries
|
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What foods leave an alkaline ash?
|
All vegetables and fruits except plums, prunes, and cranberries
|
|
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What foods leave an acid ash?
|
animal flesh, eggs, dairy products, most cereal grains
|
|
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If your urine is acidic after performing the Alkaline/Acid Test what does this indicate?
|
adequate mineral reserves
|
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If your urine is alkaline after performing the Alkaline/Acid Test what does this indicate?
|
low mineral reserves
|
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"Wrong living is the cause of disease, therefore right living is the best means of restoring health."
|
D. D. Palmer
|
|
|
One should evaluate supplements as you go and discontinue them when they are no longer useful. T or F
|
True
|
|
|
"Disease is the solution to the body's situation."
|
Dr. Morter
|
|
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The acid of fruits is execreted by the lungs leaving the minerals in the body and building the ________ ______
|
alkaline reserve
|
|
|
When we eat too much protein ammonia is dumped into the urine to make it acidic. T or F
|
False, urine becomes alkaline
|
|
|
Name the six theories regarding obesity
|
Genetic
Fat Cell theory Set Point Theory Hypothalamic theory Endocrine theory Lipoprotein Lipase Theory |
|
|
Studies show that adoptees and twins raised apart are more likely to develop weight like their biological counterparts than their adoptive parents
|
Genetic Theory
|
|
|
Adipocytes can be added but never lost.
|
Fat Cell Theory
|
|
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When weight is increased or decreased away from set point the body's tendency is to return to that set point.
|
Set Point Theory
|
|
|
Morbid obesity is due to lesions in the ventro medial nucleus of the hypothalamus
|
Hypothalamic Theory
|
|
|
About 5% of population may have abnormalities in thyroid hormones, ACTH, cortisol, growth hormone or insulin which causes obesity
|
Endocrine Theory
|
|
|
Removes fat from blood and deposits it into fat cells. LPL levels decrease when slender people eat a high fat meal but heavy people who eat high fat meals have increasing LPL's
|
Lipoprotein Lipase Theory
|
|
|
Ground beef is ______% fat.
Extra Lean Ground Beef is ____% fat. |
64, 47
|
|
|
American Dietetic Association
recommends a low calorie diet of Female: _______ calories Male: ___________ calories |
1000-1200
1200-1500 |
|
|
Results in ketosis
may contain excessive fat and cholesterol initially effective but long term results similar to calorie restriction |
Low- carbohydrate, High Protein Diet
|
|
|
______% of the patients on a low calorie diet lose 10 lbs. or more. Only about ____% keep it off after 5 years.
|
25, 2
|
|
|
More satisfaction from eating more volume with fewer calories. Reduces cholesterol and triglycerides.
|
High-carbohydrate, low -fat
|
|
|
Provides 300-500 claories per day
May be indicated for morbidly obese Must be Dr. supervised Must drink 1-1.5 liters of water per day Long term results are poor May damage kidneys and other organs |
Liquid Protein Diet
|
|
|
H+N/C
|
Health = Nutrients/Calories
|
|
|
Burns calories, Increases metabolism for up to 72 hours,
Increases thermogenic effect of food suppresses appetite maintains or increases muscle mass improves blood lipids, strengthens heart, increases alertness and self-esteem |
exercise
|
|
|
What does Dr. Michael Colgan recommend?
|
Low intensity, High rep exercise
Omega 3 fats L-carnitine Chromium |
|
|
What does chromium do?
|
balances glucose and decreases insulin resistance
|
|
|
What does L-carnitine do?
|
transports fat to the mitochondria
|
|
|
What does Xenobiotics mean?
|
Foreign to the body
|
|
|
Points of detoxification in the body
|
liver, skin, GI tract, kidneys, and lungs
|
|
|
The _________ phase of the cytochrome P 450 enzyme system aids in oxidizing, reducing, or hydrolyzing toxins into intermediate metabolites
|
oxidative phase aka phase 1
|
|
|
In phase 2 of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system toxins are _________ with other elements or compounds.
|
conjugated
|
|
|
After conjugation of a toxin it becomes less toxic and more _______ ________ which can be safely execreted.
|
water soluble
|
|
|
When working with Gastointestinal problems always consider the _______ first.
|
4R's
|
|
|
Always support _________ __________ along with the detoxification program.
|
digestive wellness
|
|
|
How do we support digestive wellness?
|
by following the 4R's
|
|
|
What assessment is used to analyze a long tern illness?
|
Health Appraisal Questionaire
|
|
|
What test is used to assess the functioning of phase 1 in the liver.
|
The Caffeine Clearance Test
|
|
|
What test asseses the functioning of phase 2 in the liver?
|
Salicytate and acetaminophen load
|
|
|
How do you measure the caffeine levels in a Caffeine Clearance Test?
|
in the saliva
|
|
|
The _________ phase of the cytochrome P 450 enzyme system aids in oxidizing, reducing, or hydrolyzing toxins into intermediate metabolites
|
oxidative phase aka phase 1
|
|
|
In phase 2 of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system toxins are _________ with other elements or compounds.
|
conjugated
|
|
|
After conjugation of a toxin it becomes less toxic and more _______ ________ which can be safely execreted.
|
water soluble
|
|
|
When working with Gastointestinal problems always consider the _______ first.
|
4R's
|
|
|
Always support _________ __________ along with the detoxification program.
|
digestive wellness
|
|
|
How do we support digestive wellness?
|
by following the 4R's
|
|
|
What assessment is used to analyze a long tern illness?
|
Health Appraisal Questionaire
|
|
|
What test is used to assess the functioning of phase 1 in the liver.
|
The Caffeine Clearance Test
|
|
|
What test asseses the functioning of phase 2 in the liver?
|
Salicytate and acetaminophen load
|
|
|
How do you measure the caffeine levels in a Caffeine Clearance Test?
|
in the saliva
|
|
|
How do you measure the results of a Salicylate and acetaminophen Test?
|
Measure the metabolites in the urine
|
|
|
Prolonged fasting (>2-3days) can increase our ability to detoxify. T or F
|
False it decreases our ability to detoxify
|
|
|
Patient has felt bad for 2 years or more
History of drugs, alcohol, smoking significant allergy problems becomes ill when attempting to fast |
High phase I and /or low phase 2
|
|
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High refined carbohydrate intake can decrease the effectiveness of the _____ ___________.
|
C-P450 system
|
|
|
____________ fats and healthy ____________ fats help maintain the C-P450 system.
|
Monosaturated, polyunsaturated
|
|
|
Deficiency in vitamins __ and __ and the mineral _________ decreases C-P450 activity.
|
C, E, Selenium
|
|
|
_____, __________, ________, __________, and _______ really upregulate phase I.
|
Zinc, copper, manganese, magnesium, and molybdenum
|
|
|
What absorbs toxins and helps clean the intestinal walls?
|
Fiber
|
|
|
Methionine and Cysteine provide _______ for phase II conjugation.
|
sulfer
|
|
|
FOS stimulates the growth of ________ which decreases the activity of enzymes associated with carcinogens.
|
Bifidus
|
|
|
what does milk thistle do?
|
supports liver
|
|
|
WHAT IS SILYMARIN?
|
A flavenoid that is a powerful antioxidant that enhances glutathione levels by 35% in the liver.
|
|
|
What are the important steps to a detoxification program?
|
Assess your patient,
Monitor carefully, recommend changes that provide maximum nutrition and reduce toxic load |
|
|
Cow's Milk causes blood loss from the intestinal tract leading to _____ ____________.
|
iron deficiency
|
|
|
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that whole cow's milk and low iron formulas not be used during the first years of life. T or F
|
true
|
|
|
Evidence suggests that the combination of genetic predisposition and consumption of cow's milk is a major factor in
|
Juvenile Onset Diabetes (Type 1)
|
|
|
Infants fed whole cow's milk have excessive intake of ________,___________, and ___________.
|
sodium, potassium and protein
|
|
|
In one study, all diabetic children had antibodies to cow's __________ in their blood.
|
protein
|
|
|
________ __________ is strongly endorsed as the primary source of nutrition during the first year for all infants.
|
breast-feeding
|
|
|
Milk consumption has been linked to cataracts. T or F
|
True
|
|
|
Studies show that milk consumption may be linked to autism and schizophrenia in children. T or F
|
True
|
|
|
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 has been linked to ________ cancer in men.
|
prostate
|
|
|
In women, IGF-1 has been shown to be involved with __________ cancer.
|
Breast
|
|
|
Spinach has twice the amount of calcium mg/calorie than milk. T or F
|
True
|
|
|
In one study, ____________%
of asthmatics were cured by eliminating dairy products. |
50-70%
|
|
|
________ _________ destroys plasminogen
|
Xanthine Oxidase
|
|
|
____________ milk fat goes directly into the blood stream.
|
Homogenized
|
|
|
almost all mammals drink their mother's milk exclusively until bith weight is __________.
|
tripled
|
|
|
Calcium in Human milk has _____mg/qt and in cow milk has _____ mg/qt
|
300, 1200
|
|
|
According to WHO, there is evidence that <300mg of calcium is harmful. T or F
|
False there is NO evidence
|
|
|
RA patients return to good health with the elimination of _________ from their diet.
|
dairy
|
|
|
Death rate for babies on human milk ______/1000,
Death rate for babies on cow milk ______/1000 |
1.5, 84.7
|
|
|
Deaths for non-breast fed babies from GI tract infections were _______times higher than breast fed infants.
|
40
|
