Ztri 4 - Nutrition Exam 3

Front 1

What is osteoporosis?

Back 1

The amount of bone is reduced, but "the ratio of mineral to organic elements is unchanged in the remaining morphologically normal bone"

Front 2

Women who consumed 1+ servings of dairy per day had a 44% greater risk for this type of cancer.

Back 2

ovarian cancer

Front 3

People with hyperthyroidism are at a higher risk for osteoporosis. T or F

Back 3

True

Front 4

Apolipoprotein A-1 (Apo A-1) is the primary protein in what?

Back 4

HDL

Front 5

According to the Harvard Nurses Study, moderate driniking increases your risk for what?

Back 5

fractures

Front 6

Artherosclerotic placque, thrombus formation, and hyperviscosity are promoted by what?

Back 6

fibrinogen

Front 7

Dairy products are made of mostly ______and human milk is mostly ________.

Back 7

casein, whey

Front 8

Men who drink 24 oz of coffee a day have a doubled risk for____ compared to non coffee drinkers.

Back 8

stroke

Front 9

What is needed to convert homocysteine to non-toxic cystathionone.

Back 9

vitamin B6

Front 10

An ulcer is a contraindication for nicotinic acid. T or F

Back 10

True

Front 11

C-Reactive Protein is a marker for what?

Back 11

inflammation

Front 12

What is probably the best predictor of early CAD in children and young adults?

Back 12

Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio

Front 13

In a study by Dr. Daniel Cramer of Harvard University, he found that women with cancer consume significantly more what? What was the apparent mechanism?

Back 13

Dairy Products, Galactose

Front 14

According to Orthomolecular Medicine, what appears to be the most important dietary risk for women?

Back 14

Sugar

Front 15

The chances of getting____ ______ is increased 6 times in women who receive estrogen therapy for up to 5 yrs and 15 times in long term therapy.

Back 15

Endometrial Cancer

Front 16

What appears to be the result of osteoclast dominance?

Back 16

osteoporosis

Front 17

What does decreased estrogen stimulate?

Back 17

Interleukin-6 which stimulates the growth of osteoclasts

Front 18

When and at what rate does bone loss begin in patients with osteoporosis?

Back 18

Mid-thirties at a rate of 1% per yr.

Front 19

Bone loss increases at _____ to 3-5% per yr for 5yrs then drops to 1.5%

Back 19

Menopause

Front 20

What stimulates osteoblast mediated formation of new bone?

Back 20

Progesterone

Front 21

Cardiac lesions produced by feeding heated oils were less extensive when the oils were also exposed to air for prolonged periods. T/F

Back 21

False lesion were more extensive using heated oils

Front 22

A study found that patients taking _____ had 2 times the risk of a brain hemorrhage than those not taking it

Back 22

aspirin

Front 23

Genetics is the primary factor in breast cancer. T or F

Back 23

False

Front 24

What should be treated as a risk factor for cardiovascular diease?

Back 24

inflammation

Front 25

People with elevated C-Reactive Protein have__ times the risk for MI's and __ times the risk for stroke.

Back 25

3, 2

Front 26

What is the primary protein in LDL?

Back 26

Apolipoprotein B (Apo B)

Front 27

Bone loss in women begins at what age?

Back 27

35

Front 28

What is probably the best indicator of risk of cerebral infarction?

Back 28

Lipoprotein

Front 29

What vitamin defiency is associated with increased homocysteine?

Back 29

B12, folic acid

Front 30

People in the highest 25% of _________levels have ____the risk of MI's compared to those in the lowest 25%.

Back 30

homocysteine, triple

Front 31

What percent of heart attack victims have normal blood lipids?

Back 31

40-50%

Front 32

Parathyroid hormone is stimulated by ____ and inhibited/blocked by ________.

Back 32

phosporus, estrogen

Front 33

Over the last 30 yrs the incident rates for osteoporosis increased by ___ times in women and ___ times in men.

Back 33

2, 4

Front 34

In the Harvard Nurses Study, women who drank milk every day had a greater risk of hip fracture than those who didn't. T or F

Back 34

True

Front 35

What do vegetarians have twice the amount of than non-vegetarians?

Back 35

Natural Killer Cells

Front 36

The use of _____ even moderately will increase the risk of breast cancer and benign polyps in the colon

Back 36

alcohol

Front 37

What converts linoleic acid into gamma linolenic acid (GLA)?

Back 37

Delta -6- Desaturase

Front 38

What does hydrogenation ultimately block?

Back 38

Essential Fatty Acids (EFA)function (During hydrogenation up to 60% of cis-linoleic acid is converted into trans-fatty acid which blocks EFA's)

Front 39

What is formed from broiling or frying creatinine-containing foods including fish and meats and may cause colon, breast, pancreatic or prostate cancer?

Back 39

Heterocyclic amines

Front 40

What deficiency may cause calcium to be deposited into soft tissue?

Back 40

Magnesium

Front 41

What are the four mechanisms of excess animal Protein leading to bone loss?

Back 41

1. Acid ash
2. phosphorus
3. Methionine/homocysteine
4. Arachidonic acid

Front 42

In the Harvard Nurse's Study, women who drank 3+ glasses of milk daily had a bone fracture increase of _____%?

Back 42

45 (pg 129)
2+glasses of milk = 45% increase of hip fractures and 5% forearm fractures (pg 138)

Front 43

What is the image modality of choice when assessing bone density?

Back 43

DEXA-Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry

Front 44

What demographic has a significantly lower risk of prostate cancer?

Back 44

Black men in Africa
Increases 10 fold when move to USA

Front 45

What is Delta -6-Desaturase inhibited by?

Back 45

saturated fats, trans fats, alcohol, nutrient deficiencies, radiation

Front 46

What foods are associated with an increase risk in prostate cancer?

Back 46

consumption of fish, meat, and all other forms of animal fats

Front 47

What may be the best predictor of whether a women's breast cancer recurs?

Back 47

high insulin levels

Front 48

What provided more protection against prostate cancer than any other dietary factor (42 country survey)

Back 48

soy

Front 49

Name the three symptoms of Fibromyalgia.

Back 49

Subjective joint swelling w/o objective swelling
local tenderness at muscle/tendon junctions
sleep disturbances

Front 50

What are the symptoms of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome?

Back 50

Migratory joint pain
palpable tender lymph nodes
low-grade fever
sore throat
abrupt onset of symptoms

Front 51

In a ten yr trial study the WHO reported that taking what drugs actually increased the instances of heart attacks compared to individuals that didn't take said drugs?

Back 51

cholesterol lowering drugs

Front 52

What supplemental vitamin should be considered a drug?

Back 52

Niacin (B3)

Front 53

What is needed to convert homocysteine to methionine?

Back 53

folic acid, B12

Front 54

Jews moving from Yemen to Isreal experienced a large increase in what disease?

Back 54

Coronary Heart Disease ( due to significant increase in sugar, veg. oils, and margarine)

Front 55

Fibrinogen is a globulin that strongly increases what?

Back 55

blood coagulation

Front 56

What converts alpha-linolenic acid to eicosopentanoic acid (EPA)?

Back 56

Delta-6-Desaturase

Front 57

What can elevate when taking Niacin?

Back 57

uric acid and blood sugar
(purities and hyperpigmentation may occur)

Front 58

Eating two of these per day may lower cholesterol by as much as 10-20%

Back 58

raw carrots

Front 59

What is an increase in Fibrinogen caused by?

Back 59

Inflammation

Front 60

What supplementation commonly reduces the tender point index in patients with Fibromyalgia?

Back 60

Magnesium and Malic acid

Front 61

What is as potent as aspirin at decreasing platelet aggregation?

Back 61

Ginger

Front 62

In the Physician's Health Study, the men who exercised 5 times or more a week had a reduction in what disease? By what %?

Back 62

Cardiovascular Disease, 46%

Front 63

What has elevated homocysteine been implicated in?

Back 63

MI's, Ischemic stroke, coronary artery stenosis, arterial wall injury, venous thrombosis, renal diseases

Front 64

After menopause homocysteine levels decrease in women. T or F

Back 64

False levels increase

Front 65

______-_______% of all heart patients have hyperhomocystinemia.

Back 65

20-40%

Front 66

Elevated __________is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, MI's, and peripheral artery disease

Back 66

Fibrinogen

Front 67

Stearic acid (over half of the saturated fat in cocoa butter) increases LDL. T or F

Back 67

False it does not increase LDL

Front 68

Do polyunsaturated fats increase or decrease LDL, VLDL, and HDL?

Back 68

decrease

Front 69

_________ and _________ decrease LDL,VLDL, and platelet aggregation while increasing HDL and Fibrinolysis.

Back 69

garlic and onion

Front 70

Boswella, ginger and tumerin decrease ___________.

Back 70

inflammation

Front 71

Trans fats increase or decrease lipoprotein A levels?

Back 71

increase

Front 72

The risk of developing breast cancer is 2.3 times higher among women who receive estrogen replacement therapy. T or F

Back 72

True

Front 73

What is the flush caused when taking Niacin and can it be minimized?

Back 73

it's the release of histamine from mast cells
Minimized by taking it with meals, raising the dose slowly, or taking aspirin 15-30 minutes prior to taking Niacin

Front 74

One study found that calcium consumption was associated with a higher risk of advanced prostate cancer do to the lowering of what?

Back 74

1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25 D)(D3)

Front 75

What can reduce the risk of breast cancer in women?

Back 75

Lower vitamin A intake along with an increase in monounsaturated fat intake (progestins do not decrease the risk)

Front 76

Support the patient starve the tumor is part of what?

Back 76

principles of management

Front 77

WHAT DOES ARACHIDONIC ACID DO?

Back 77

Increases osteoclasts, stimulates collagenase, inhibits proteoglycan, increase vascular permeability, increases inflammation, stimulates release of lysosomal enzymes

Front 78

what does licorce do?

Back 78

supports adrenals, helps heal the digestive system

Front 79

Dr. Daniel Cramer found that women who consumed significantly more dairy (esp. yogurt) were at a higher risk for what?

Back 79

ovarian cancer

Front 80

Patients with what disease were comonly found to have weaker Quads even though many had no pain?

Back 80

Osteoarthritis

Front 81

What does a deficiency in magnesium and or malic acid cause in Fibromyalgia patients?

Back 81

Hypoxia

Front 82

When treating Fibromyalgia w/supplements such as magnesium, malic acid, manganese, vitamins B1, B6 and CoQ10 how often are they taken

Back 82

qid for one week, then bid for seven weeks

Front 83

During one study what happened to a grp of people w/cardiovascular conditions put on a low fat diet supplemented w/4 TBS of corn oil per day?

Back 83

grp had lower cholesterol but twice the number of heart attacks compared to control grp

Front 84

What herb can be considered for vasodilation to reduce risk of infarction?

Back 84

Hawthorn Berry

Front 85

What is another name for CoQ10?

Back 85

Ubiquinone

Front 86

How much sugar does the average person consume per yr?

Back 86

170 lbs

Front 87

What makes up 50% of the calories consumed in the American Diet?

Back 87

sugar, white flour, and white rice

Front 88

What was the result of a study discussed that compared hypertension in vegetarians vs non-vegetarians?

Back 88

2% vegetarians were hypertensive compared to 26% of the non vegetarians

Front 89

____ _______ intake increases the risk of colon polyps and cancer.

Back 89

Red meat

Front 90

What is the #1 food associated with prostate cancer?

Back 90

Red meat

Front 91

What risk is increased in women who take oral contraceptives?

Back 91

breast cancer, cholecystitis

Front 92

Infarction of the myocardium is possible when arteriosclerosis is absent due to a deficiency in __________.

Back 92

Magnesium

Front 93

Estrogen replacement therapy increases the risk for ovarian and breast cancer. Adding_________will decrease the risk of ovarian cancer but not breast cancer.

Back 93

Progestins

Front 94

Cataracts and ovarian cancer have an association with poor metabolism. T or F

Back 94

true

Front 95

What are the supplements that Dr. Michael Colgan recommend?

Back 95

Omega-3's (satisfies cravings),
L-carnitine & Chromium(glucose tolerance factor, assists insulin)

Front 96

The WHO says that there is no evidence that greater than _______mg/day of Ca is harmful.

Back 96

300

Front 97

What are the names for Celiac Disease?

Back 97

Non-Tropical Sprue
Gluten Sensitive Enteropathy

Front 98

What does someone with Celiac Disease need to avoid?

Back 98

Gluten and Dairy

Front 99

What is another name for Crohn's Disease?

Back 99

Regional Enteritis

Front 100

What is another name for Irritable Bowel Syndrome?

Back 100

Spastic Colon or IBS

Front 101

What does GERD stand for?

Back 101

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Front 102

What causes heartburn (GERD)?

Back 102

Hiatal Hernia, vomiting as in bulemia, decreased Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) pressure

Front 103

Causes of decreased Lower Esophageal Sphincter Pressure are:

Back 103

Pregnancy (progesterin)
oral contraceptives
Ingestion of irritating agent
Viral inflammation

Front 104

What are the two other names for esophagitis?

Back 104

Heartburn and GERD

Front 105

Hiatal hernia can be managed by chiropractic manipulation (if allowed by law). T or F

Back 105

True

Front 106

What predisposes a person to peptic ulcers?

Back 106

excess refined foods
smoking
excess caffeine
Food allergies
rushed or irregular meals
excess salicytates
Genetics (slight)
stress (controversial)

Front 107

What vegetable juice is used to nutritionally manage peptic ulcers?

Back 107

Cabbage

Front 108

What food is as effective as Tagamet or Zantac for controlling peptic ulcers?

Back 108

licorice

Front 109

antacids are effective in the control of peptic ulcers. T or F

Back 109

False
Antacids can increase acid secretion due to rebound effect

Front 110

Cholecystitis AKA gall bladder inflammation is caused primarily from what?

Back 110

food allergies

Front 111

Predisposing factors of cholecystitis are:

Back 111

female
fourty
multiparen
obese
diabetes
sedentary lifestyle
genetic
oral contraceptives (doubles risk)

Front 112

Which foods cause cholecystitis?

Back 112

egg 92.8%, Pork 63.8%, onion 52.2%, fowl 34.8%,
milk 24.6%, Coffee 21.7%, oranges 18.8%, corn, beans, nuts 14.5%

Front 113

Using soy milk vice cow's milk decreases gallstone formation. Tor F

Back 113

True

Front 114

What are the preventive factors for celiac disease?

Back 114

breast feeding, delayed introduction of cow's milk, delayed introduction of cereal grains

Front 115

Symptoms of Crohn's Disease:

Back 115

severe abdominal cramping
right lower quadrant pain
diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue
anorexia, malabsorption syndrome, secondary lesions

Front 116

What is the possible pathogen in Crohn's Disease?

Back 116

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

Front 117

What syndrome is exacerbated by stress, emotional upset, lack of sleep, tobacco, caffeine, alcohol, antibiotics, insufficient fluid intake?

Back 117

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Front 118

Inflammation and ulceration of colon. Primarily seen in adolescents and young adults.
Associated with dependent, depressed, irritable and hostile, obsesssive, and emotionally unstable personality types.

Back 118

Ulcerative Colitis

Front 119

Diverticulosis is common in those who eat a diet rich in complex carbohydrates. T or F

Back 119

False, It is rare

Front 120

A high fiber diet is the best treatment for what digestive disorder?

Back 120

Diverticulosis

Front 121

Swallowing air when eating or drinking is a common cause of what?

Back 121

flatulence

Front 122

Fewer than three bowel movements per week for men or five per week for women indicates what?

Back 122

constipation

Front 123

What are some causes of constipation?

Back 123

diet of refined low fiber foods,
inadequate water intake, low exercise, medications, folic acid deficiency

Front 124

What four botanicals can be used for constipation?

Back 124

Cascara sagrada, Cassia senna, Psyllium seed, Aloe Vera

Front 125

Caffeine can cause diarrhea in some people. T or F

Back 125

True

Front 126

Harvard Nurses Study found that when protein intake was ________, calcium loss was __________.

Back 126

tripled, quadrupled

Front 127

Women who ate the most animal protein had a ______ times greater risk of hip fracture than those who ate plant protein.

Back 127

3.7

Front 128

Dairy products leave an ______ ash.

Back 128

acid

Front 129

Calcium is only found in dairy products. T or F

Back 129

False, Calcium is available in plant foods and is absorbed better than from dairy

Front 130

__________decreases bone resorption, but bone formation usually does not increase and eventually decreases

Back 130

Estrogens

Front 131

No study using estrogen alone has increased _____ ______.

Back 131

bone mass

Front 132

__________stimulates osteoblast mediated formation of new bone.

Back 132

Progesterone

Front 133

Weight bearing exercise strengthens/weakens bone.

Back 133

strengthens

Front 134

Caffeine plus sugar equals catastrophic bone loss. T or F

Back 134

True

Front 135

Excess _________ increases metabolism which increases calcium excretion

Back 135

Thyroxin

Front 136

Parathyroid Hormone is stimulated by ________ and is blocked by _________.

Back 136

phosphorus, estrogen

Front 137

Parathyroid Hormone increases or decreases the breakdown of bone.

Back 137

increases

Front 138

Corticosteroids increase the absorption of calcium. T or F

Back 138

False decreases

Front 139

Women who smoke reach menopause an average of ____yrs earlier than non-smokers.

Back 139

5

Front 140

_________ in cigarette smoke increase bone loss.

Back 140

Cadmium

Front 141

Vitamin ____ is essential for calcium and phosphorus transport from intestine to the blood.

Back 141

D

Front 142

Excess vitamin D can increase calcium deposition in soft tissues such as kidneys or arteries. T or F

Back 142

true

Front 143

Vitamin ___ is essential for the synthesis of collagen.

Back 143

C

Front 144

Vitamin ____ decreases calcium excretion.

Back 144

K

Front 145

______ to ______% of bone must be lost before it shows on x-ray.

Back 145

30 to 50%

Front 146

Vitamin ___ is used in the production of progesterone, decreases inflammation in connective tissue.

Back 146

B6

Front 147

If Pyridinium shows in the urine it indicates loss of _______ and ________.

Back 147

bone and cartilage,

Front 148

If deoxypyridinium shows in the urine it indicates _____loss only.

Back 148

bone

Front 149

More women and men die from ________ ________ than any other cause.

Back 149

heart disease

Front 150

Two times more women die from heart disease than from cancer. T or F

Back 150

true

Front 151

According to the WHO more people taking cholesterol - lowering drugs died from heart atttacks than matched subjects not taking the drug T or F

Back 151

true

Front 152

Vitamins_____, ______, & ______ _______ lower homocysteine.

Back 152

B6, B12, Folic Acid

Front 153

_____% of newly diagnosed cases of Type II diabetes are children between the ages of 13-18.

Back 153

40

Front 154

Oleic acid (olive oil) ________ LDL, __________ HDL, and _________lipid perioxidation.

Back 154

decreases, increases, decreases

Front 155

Vitamin ___ can raise HDL while lowering LDL and triglycerides.

Back 155

C

Front 156

Too much vitamin __ damages smooth muscle and is associated with high cholesterol.

Back 156

D

Front 157

Increasing vitamin E decreases cardiovascular disease. T or F

Back 157

true

Front 158

A co-factor in the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria.

Back 158

Carnitine

Front 159

Excess ____has been implicated in the oxidation of cholesterol (LDL)

Back 159

iron

Front 160

Supplementation of ____ is contraindicated unless deficient especially in men.

Back 160

iron

Front 161

Garlic can help lower ______.

Back 161

cholesterol

Front 162

Salt elevates blood pressure in most of the population. T or F.

Back 162

false, only 25% of the population is salt sensitive

Front 163

What naturally thins blood, protects the vessels from free radicals, strengthens collagen and elastin?

Back 163

Ginko bilboa