Zoology Test1

Front 1

What are Characteristics of Living Organisms?

Back 1

-grow
-maintain homeostasis
-reproduce
-respond to environmental changes
-may evolve

Front 2

Define Evolution:

Back 2

a change in gene frequencies over time
(ex. wamer climate cuases plants to grow higher on mountains)

Front 3

Steps of the Scientific Method

Back 3

-Observations
-Ask Questions
-Hypothesis
-Testing/Experiment
-Observation
-Explanation

Front 4

Six, 24 hour days

Back 4

-no science required
-conradicts most science
-does not allow for resolution

Front 5

Day-Gap-Day

Back 5

-creation days 24 hours with a long break between days

Front 6

Allegorical Interpretation

Back 6

-not literal truth, designed to tell a greater truth

Front 7

Time Lapse told to moses (slide show version)

Back 7

-moses was shown how earth was created, the show lasted six days

Front 8

Multiple Creation

Back 8

-creation occured multiple time- Hebrew language does not consist of articles (a, the) so in a begginging makes as much sense as in the beggining

Front 9

Theistic Evolution

Back 9

-God used evolution to create universe. Sequence in Genes correct but timing not literal

Front 10

Intelligent Design

Back 10

-evidence of design implies a designer
-some things too complex to have evolved
-no mechanism specified

Front 11

Major Theories from Darwin

Back 11

-populations have potential to increase exponentially
-populations fairly constant in size
-only some organisms survive
-natural resources limited
-(Deduction 2)-individuals with favourable traits are more likely to survive-> natural selection keep good and strong, get rid of week, useless-- mutations constantly occuring.environmental selector does not cause mutations
-(Deduction 3) Accumulation of intheritable variation over many generations is evolution-> if changes within species become great enough new species evolve.

Front 12

What is Species

Back 12

Species extinct if they do not interbreed in nature(implies offspring must also be able to reproduce

Front 13

Evidence supporting Evolution

Back 13

-selective breeding
-fossil record
-homologus structures->structures dissimilar in form and function but share underlying structural similarity

Front 14

How did Life Originate?
What are some speculations about earths early atmosphere?

Back 14

-little free oxygen->abundance of methane,ammonia,nitrogen,water vapor,perhaps free hydrogen
-earthquakes and lightning common
-lack of evidence

Front 15

Created earths early atmosphere

Back 15

-result: one week later amino acids formed
-scientist repeated procedure
-speculation continues

Front 16

Possible scenarios for producing proteins

Back 16

-ocean tide pools evaporate, concentrated amino acids likely to combine and form protein
-bubbles common in carbon compound ocean. powerful electrostatic forces inside bubbles would attract amino acids pulling them together forming proteins
-"fools gold" and clay crystals common, could attract and concentrate amino acids

Front 17

Phospholipids created

Back 17

-tiny bubbles made of phospholipids fuse together eventually reaching level of complexity could be called protocell->(non-living organism)

Front 18

Endosymbiosis

Back 18

-proves theory that prokaryotic cells evolved into eukaryotic cells
-mitochondia and chloroplasts invade eukaryotic cell and become an organelle in eukaryotic cells

Front 19

What are major theories of Biology?

Back 19

-evolution by natural selection
-Inheritance
-cells
-Biological Classification
-Bioenergetics
-Homeostasis
-Ecosystems

Front 20

What are three major classes of adaptions?

Back 20

-Morphological-anatomical (for example, body shape in many aquatic animals
-Physiological-biochemical (for example, DDT, tolerance in insects)
-Behavioral (especially important in social animals, including humans)

Front 21

Why Study Biology?

Back 21

-biology can be controversial
examples ( dealing with endagered species, use of human fetal tissue in biomedical research, safety of irradiated foods)

Front 22

About Charles Darwin

Back 22

-offerec position as naturalist on British survery ship, The Beagle
-studied animals and fauna
-noticed South American fossils differed from contemporaries
-collected data for 27 years to support mechanism for evolution.

Front 23

How did Darwin account for Species?

Back 23

In origin of species, he developed two main concepts
-evidence that evolution has occured
=mechanism for evolution: natural selection

Front 24

Major points of Darwin's theories or evolution and natural selection.
First Observation:

Back 24

-Populations have the potential to increase exponentially

Front 25

Major points of Darwin's theories or evolution and natural selection.
Second Observation:

Back 25

-Populations are fairly constant in size.

Front 26

Major points of Darwin's theories or evolution and natural selection.
Third Observation:

Back 26

-Natural resources are limited
-limited amount of space, nutrients, shelter
-results in competition for resources to survive.

Front 27

Major points of Darwin's theories or evolution and natural selection.
Deduction one:

Back 27

-only some organisms survive. There is a struggle for existence among individuals in a population
-organisms posses characteristics that enhance survival -(called adpations)

Front 28

Major points of Darwin's theories or evolution and natural selection.
Fourth Observation:

Back 28

-There is variation within individuals of a population and variations are inherited

Front 29

Major points of Darwin's theories or evolution and natural selection.
Deduction two:

Back 29

-Individuals with favourable variations are more likely to survive and reproduce.
-Natural selection:"preservation of favourable variations and the rejection of injurious variations"
-The enironmental selector DOES NOT cause a mutation
-Mutations are constantly occuring.
-most are deleterious and eliminated
-some are neutral in a constant environment and are not eliminated, BUT may be an advantage if the environment changes

Front 30

Major points of Darwin's theories or evolution and natural selection.
Deduction Three:

Back 30

-Accumulation of inheritable variation over many generations is evolution
-If changes within a species become great enough, a new species can result.

Front 31

What is a species?

Back 31

-Species are considered distinct if they do not interbreed in nature
(implies offspring must also be able to reproduce.

Front 32

Evidence supporting Theory of Evolution

Back 32

-selective breeding practices used by farmers result in:
"improved domesticated plants and animals,Darwin wondered if nature could do the same.
-Fossil record: comparing fossils from ancenstors with today's species demonstrates species have evolved.
-Homologous structures: structures dissimilar in form and function, but share underlying structural similarites-> similarity due to common ancestor?

Front 33

Robert Hooke

Back 33

-in 1662, he oberved boxes in cork and named then "cells" after small, plain rooms occupied by monks.

Front 34

Aton van Leeuwenhoek

Back 34

-creates his own mircroscope
-in 1675, he reported viewing "animalcules"

Front 35

Cell Theory

Back 35

-organisms are composed of one or more cells
-cells arise from pre-existing cells
-cells are the fundamental units of life.

Front 36

Viruses:

Back 36

-acellular
-consist of: nucleice acids and protein coat
-considered nonliving.

Front 37

Viruses are dempendent on other organisms to:

Back 37

-reproduce
-obtain raw materials
-obtain energy

Front 38

Viruses use host cell machinery to produce what?

Back 38

Proteins

Front 39

What is Mitosis?

Back 39

The process of one cell dividing into two identical daughter cells
-the most common type of cell division
-mitosis is a nucleus phenomenon

Front 40

How long does the mitosis cycle take?

Back 40

from one hour to one month

Front 41

Cytokinesis is..

Back 41

cytoplasm division

Front 42

Mitosis is a from of ______reproduction.

Back 42

asexual

Front 43

Mitosis occurs when...

Back 43

organism grows or replaces damaged cells.

Front 44

Prior to mitosis, cell undergoes ______

Back 44

replication

Front 45

What is replication?

Back 45

-process in which chromatin is copied.

Front 46

Replication doubles each __________.

Back 46

chromosome

Front 47

Replication produces_______ cells.

Back 47

Diploid

Front 48

What is prophase?

Back 48

-Start of mitosis
-chromatin condenses into rod-like chromosomes
(each chromosome consists of sister chromatids, connected at the centromere)
-Nuclear membrane dissapears.

Front 49

Metaphase:

Back 49

-Chromosomes align themselves in flat plane at cell equator.

Front 50

Anaphase:

Back 50

-centromeres split
-sister chromatids-now chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell.

Front 51

Telophase:

Back 51

-chromosomes unravel, returning the chromatin to its non-dividing threadlike state.
-nuclear membrane assembles

Front 52

Cytokinesis

Back 52

-division of the cytoplasm
-begins during anaphase and telophase

Front 53

What are the major kinds of cells? (two types)

Back 53

-Prokaryotic cells
-Eukaryotic cells

Front 54

Prokaryotic cells:

Back 54

-have few internal parts
-simples cells

Front 55

Eukaryotic cells:

Back 55

include single-celled organisms

Front 56

Nucleus:

Back 56

-Largest organelle
-surrounded by nuclear envelope, (porous double membrane)
-contains chromosomes (heriditary material)

Front 57

Nucleolus:

Back 57

-found in nucleus
-ribosomes are assembled here

Front 58

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Back 58

-extensive membranous structure.
-formed by membrane emerging from nuclear envelope.

Front 59

What are the Two types of Endoplasmic Reticiulum?

Back 59

-Rough ER
-Smooth ER

Front 60

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum:

Back 60

-ribosomes are found on the outside
-site of protein synthesis

Front 61

Smooth Enoplasmic Reticulum

Back 61

-Site of lipid and carbohydrate synthesis.

Front 62

Golgi complex recieves transport vesicles from the ____ _____ ______. Cellular products are modified, packaged and prepared for their final destination

Back 62

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Front 63

Golgi complex:
following modification, products may be released from the cell via ________.

Back 63

exocytosis

Front 64

Lysosomes arise from ______ _____

Back 64

Golgi complex

Front 65

Lysosomes fuse with ______ vesicles.

Back 65

food

Front 66

Lysosomal enzymes digest _____,_______ and ______.

Back 66

proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.

Front 67

Lysosomes process ______ and _________.

Back 67

cellular debris and worn-out organelles.

Front 68

Mitochondria is found where?

Back 68

in all eukaryotic cells

Front 69

Mitochondria is responsible for what?

Back 69

energy production.

Front 70

Cytoskeleton is made of what?

Back 70

long, thin, protein filaments.
Three sizes..
-microfilaments
intermediate filiaments
-microtubules

Front 71

Cytoskeleton provides what?

Back 71

-internal cell structure
-anchor and connect organelles
-move parts and products

Front 72

Plasma membrane:

Back 72

fluid mosaics of phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates.

Front 73

Phospholipids provide what?

Back 73

basic architecture.
-have hydrophyllic tails and hydrophobic heads.

Front 74

Plasma membrane:
_______ act as channels, recognition molecules, carrier proteins, etc.

Back 74

proteins

Front 75

Plasma membrane:
______ help connect cells and play a role in identification.

Back 75

carbohydrates

Front 76

What is diffusion?

Back 76

-net movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
-no energy required.

Front 77

What is Osmosis?

Back 77

-type of diffusion.
-movement of water across semipermeable membrane from area of high water concentration to area of low water concentration.

Front 78

What is the effect of osmosis on cells in a hypotonic solutions

Back 78

-high concentration of water in extracellular fluid compared to inside the cells causes net movement of water into the cell.
-results in increased cell size.
-can cause cell to burst.

Front 79

What is the effect of osmosis on cells in isotonic solutions?

Back 79

-concentration of water inside and outside of the cell are equal.
-results in no net-movement of water.
-cell size remains the same.

Front 80

What is the effect of osmosis on cells in hypertonic solutions?

Back 80

-concentration of water in cell exceeds that outside of cell.
-results in net movement of water out of the cell
-cell shrinks

Front 81

Membrane transport:

Back 81

-Large or hydrophillic substance cannot pass freely through the membrane.
-To move them through the membrane, must have channel proteins or carrier proteins

Front 82

Passive Transport: Ion Channels.
Ions are _______ and the channel must be open for the ion to pass through the channel.
Selective for each______.
-ion moves ______ concentration gradient.

Back 82

-hydrophillic
-ion
-down

Front 83

Passive Transport: Facilitated diffusion...
Selective for each_____.
-Induces protein shape change allowing molecules to ____ __ _____. molecule moves down the _______ _______.

Back 83

-molecule
-exit the carrier.
-concentration gradient.

Front 84

Active Transport uses what?

Back 84

-carrier protein

Front 85

active transport moves molecules _______ their concentration gradient.

Back 85

against.

Front 86

Active transport requires ____ as an energy source.

Back 86

ATP

Front 87

What is Endocytosis?

Back 87

-cells absorb outside material by inverting plasma membrane to form a vesicle that encases the material
-moving molecules, particles, and other substances contained in vesicles across the plasma membrane and out of the cell.