Zoology Section 1

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an anatomical structure, physiological process, or behavioral trait that evolved by natural selection and improves an organisms ability to survive and leave descendents

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adaptation

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that part of earth containing living organisms.

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biospher

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That part of a scientific experiment to which the experimental variable is not applied but which is similar to the experimental group in all other respects.

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control

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the results in a scientific experiment

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data

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reasoning from the general to the particular, that is, from given premises to their necessary conclusion.

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deduction

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part of biology that deals with the relationship between organism and their environment.

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ecology

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a quantity that is the measure of energy in a system not available for doing work.

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entropy

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organisms whose cells characteristically contain a membrane-bound nucleus or nuclei.

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eukaryotic

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organic evolution encompasses all changes in the characteristics and diversity of life on earth throughout history.

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evolution

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a trial made to support or disprove a hypothesis

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experiment

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a component of darwin's evolutionary theory postulating that evolution occurs by the temporal accumulation of small, incremental changes, usually across very long periods of geological time.

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gradualism

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the faithful transmission of biological traits from parents to their offspring.

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heredity

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a scheme arranging organisms into a series of taxa of increasing inclusiveness, as illustrated by linnean classification

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hierarchical system

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a statement or proposition that can be tested by experiment

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hypothesis

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scientific process of making a conjecture and then seeking empirical test that potentially lead to its rejection

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hypothetico-deductive method

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a general property of all organisms involving the ability to respond to stimuli or changes in the environment

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irritability

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a group of processes that includes digestion, production of energy, and synthesis of molecules and structures by organisms

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metabolism

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a nonrandom reproduction of varying organisms in a population that results in the survival of those best adapted to their environment and elimination of those less well adapted; leads to evolutionary change if the variation is heritable.

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natural selection

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a modified version of darwin's evolutionary theory that eliminates elements of the Lamarckian inheritance of acquired characteristics and pan genesis that were present in Darwin's formulation; this theory originated with August Weismann in the late nineteenth century and, after incorporating Mendelian genetic principles, has become the currently favored version of Darwinian evolutionary theory.

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neo-darwinism

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the origin and diversification of any taxon, or the evolutionary history of its origin and diversification

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phylogeny

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a molecule that dissociates in solution to produce a hydrogen ion (H+)

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acid

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oxygen-dependent form of respiration

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aerobic

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literally the first spiral arrangement of the genetic DNA molecule regular coiled arrangement of polypeptide chain in proteins; secondary structure of proteins.

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amino acid

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adjective to describe a molecule with one part soluble in water (polar) and another part insoluble in water (nonpolar)

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amphipathic

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an organism that makes its organic nutrients from inorganic raw materials

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autotroph

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nutrition characterized by the ability to use simple inorganic substances for the synthesis or more complex organic compounds, as in green plants and some bacteria

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autotrophic nutrition

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a molecule that dissociates in solution to produce a hydroxide ion

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base

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the nucleoprotein material of a chromosome; the hereditary material containing DNA

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chromatin

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a complex body, spherical or rod shaped, that arises fromt he nuclear network during mitosis, splits longitudinally, and carries a part of the organism genetic information as genes composed of DNA

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chromosome

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photosynthetic prokaryotes, also called blue-green algae, cyanophytes

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cyanobacteria

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the genetic material of all organisms, characteristically organized into linear sequences of genes

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deoxyribonucleic acid

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a class of sugars(such as lactose, maltose, and sucrose) that yield to monosaccharides on hydrolysis

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disaccharides

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a substance, produced by libing cells, that is capable of speeding up specific chemical transformations, such as hydrolysis, oxidation, or reduction, but is unaltered itself in the process; a biological catalyst.

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enzyme

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any of a series of saturated organic acids having the general formula CnH2nON, occurs in natural fats of animals and plants.

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fatty acid

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the energy availavle for doing work in a chemical system

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free energy

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a plolysaccharide constituting the principal form in which carbohydrate is stored in animals

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glycogen

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an organism that obtains both organic and inorganic raw materials from the environment in order to live; includes most animals and those plants that do not carry on photosynthesis.

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heterotroph

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any of several simple proteins found in cell nuclei and complexed at one time or another with DNA; characteristic of eukaryotes

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histone

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certain fatlike substances, often containing other groups such as phosphoric acid; lipids combine with proteins and carbohydrates to form principal structural components of cells.

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lipid

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a molecule of simple structure, but capable of linking with others to form polymers

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monomer

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a simple sugar that cannot be decomposed into smaller sugar molecules, the most common are pentoses(such as ribose) and hexoses(such as glucose)

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monosaccharide

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one of a class of molecules omposed of joined nuleotides

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nucleic acid

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the region in prokaryotic cell where the chromosome is found

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nucleoid

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a molecule consisting of phosphate, 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a purine or a pyrimidine

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nucleotide

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specialized part of a cell; literally, a small organ that performs function analogous to organs of multicellular animals

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organelle

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the loss of an electron by an atom or molecule; sometimes addition of oxygen chemically to a substance

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oxidation

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a bond that binds amino acids together into a polypeptide chain, formed by removing an OH from the carboxyl group of one amino acid and an H from the amino group of another to form an amide group CO-NH

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peptide bond

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the synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in chlorophyll-containing cells exposed to light

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phtosynthesis

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a carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharide units, for example, glycogen, starch, and cellulose

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polysaccharide

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the chemical synthesis that occurred before the emergence of life

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prebiotic synthesis

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a macromolecule of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and sometimes sulfer and phosphorus; composed of chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds; present in all cells

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proteins

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one of a class of organic compounds containing a molecular skeleton of four fused carbon rings; it includes cholesterol, sex hormones, adrenocortical hormones, and vitamin D

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sterol

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the living together of two different species in an intimate relationship

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symbiosis

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adjective to describe a molecule with one part soluble in water (polar)and another part insoluble in water(nonpolar)

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amphipathic

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the pairs of homologous chromosomes at synapsis in the first meiotic division; a tetrad

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bivalent

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a complex body, spherical or or rod shaped, that arises from the nuclear network during mitosis, splits longitudinally, and carries a part of the organism's genetic information as genes composed of DNA

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chromosome

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the hereditary material containing DNA

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chromatin

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space between membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum in cells

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cisterne

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a protein forming a lattice stucture lining the invaginated pits during receptor-mediated endocytosis.

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clathrin

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a plate-like projection formed by the inner membrane of mitochondrion

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crista

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a protein important in the control of the cell division cycle and mitosis

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cyclin

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division of the cytoplasm of a cell

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cytokinesis

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the living matter of the cell, excluding the nucleus

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cytoplasm

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unstructured portion of the cytoplasm in which the organelles or bathed

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cytosol

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buttonlike plaque serving as an intercellular connection

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desmosome

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the movement of particles or molecules from area of high concentration of the particles or molecules to area of lower concentration

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diffusion

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having the somatic(double, or 2n) number of chromosomes or twice the number characteristic of a gamete of a given species

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diploid

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one of the groups of two chromosomes formed by the division of a tetrad during the first meiotic division

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dyad

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the engulfment of matter by phagocytosis, potocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and by bulkphase(non specific) endocytosis

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endocytosis

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transport of a substance from inside a cell to the outisde

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exocytosis

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mediated transport in which a transmembrane protein makes possible diffusion of a molecule across a cell membran in the direction of a concentration gradient, contrast with active transport.

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facilitated diffusion

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a mature, haploid sex cell; an egg or sperm

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gamete

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an area of tiny pores communicated the cytoplasm between two cells

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gap junction

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the reduced, or n, number of chromosomes, typical of gametes, as opposed to the diploid, or 2n, number found in somatic cells

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haploid

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any of several simple proteins found in cell nuclei and complexed at one time or another with DNA Histones yield a high proportion of basic amino acids on hydrolysis; characteristic of eukaryotes

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histone

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the pressure exerted by a fluid

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hydrostatic pressure

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disc of proteins located on the centromere, specialized to interact with the spindle fibers during nuclear division

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kinetochore

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molecule that specifically binds to a receptor

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ligand

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transport of a substance across a cell membrane mediated by a carrier molecule in the membrane

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mediated transport

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a repeating subunit of chromatin in which one and three quarter turns of the double-helical DNA are wound around eight molecules of histones

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nucleosome

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the engulfment of a particle by a phagocyte or a protozoan

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phagocytosis

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membrane-bound vesicle in cytoplasm containing food material engulfed by phagocytosis

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phagosome

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the cell membrane or plasma membrane

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plasmalemma

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permeable to small particles, such as water and certain inorganic ions but not to larger molecules

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semipermeable

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the time when the pairs of homologous chromosomes lie alog side each other in the first meiotic dvision

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synapsis

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the structure that holds homologous chromosomes together during synapsis in prophase of meiosis I

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synaptolemmal complex

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group of two pairs of chromatids at synapsis and resulting from the replication of paired homologous chromosomes

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tetrad

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region of actual fusion of cell membranes between two adjacent cells

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tight junction

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the fertilized egg

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zygote

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oxygen dependent form of respiration

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aerobic

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constructive metabolism

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anabolism

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an enzyme involved in the removal of water from a compound. Carbonic anhydrase promotes the conversion of carbonic acid into water and carbon dioxide.

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anhydrase

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destructive metabolism; process in which complex molecules are reduced to simpler ones.

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catabolism

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a required substance in the activation of an enzyme; a prosthetic or nonprotein constituent of an enzyme.

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coenzyme

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several iron-containing pigments that serve as electron carriers in aerobic respiration.

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cytochrome

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used in reference to a chemical reaction that requires energy; energy absorbing.

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endergonic

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an energy-yielding reaction

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exergonic

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enzymatic transformation, without oxygen, or organic substrates, especially carbohydrates, yielding products such as alcohols, acids and carbon dioxide.

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fermentation

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the prosthetic group of a protein(flavoprotein) and a carrier in the electron transport chain in respiration

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flavin mononuleotide

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the energy available for doing work in a chemical system

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free energy

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enzymatic breakdown of glucose(especially) or glycogen into phosphate derivatives with release of energy.

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glycolysis

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the loss of an electron by an atom or molecule sometimes addition of oxygen chemically to a substance.

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oxidation

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the conversion of inorganic phosphate to energy-rich phosphate of ATP, involving electron transport through a respiratory chain to molecular oxygen

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oxidative phophorylation

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the addition of a phosphate group, that is, -PO3, to a compound.

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phosphorylation

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an organism requiring light as a source of energy for making organic nutrients from inorganic raw materials

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photoqutotroph

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gaseous interchange between an organism and its surrounding medium. In the cell, the release of energy by the oxidation of food molecules.

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srespiration

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the substance upon which an enzyme acts.

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substrate