Biology 115 Zoology (Second Half Only)

Front 1

Onycophora

Back 1

Phylum. Velvet worms.

Front 2

Tardigrada

Back 2

Phylum. "water bears."

Front 3

Ectoprocta

Back 3

Phylum. Strange colonial organisms.

Front 4

Echinodermata

Back 4

Phylum. Includes classes Astroidea (sea stars), Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers), Crinoidea (sea lilies), Echinoidea (sea urchins), and Ophiuroidea (brittle stars).
Pentaradial symmetry. Hydrovascular ambulation.
Pedicellariae.
Deuterostomes.

Front 5

Astroidea

Back 5

Class. Sea stars. Benthic (live on substrate), predatory. Possess pedicellariae, papulae, hydrovascular ambulation, limited autonomy/regeneration.
Hemal circulatory system.
Madreporite and anus are on dorsal side, mouth is on ventral side. Gonads, digestive system largely within arms.

Front 6

Pedicellariae

Back 6

Jawlike pincers found on the dermis of echinoderms. Used for keeping papulae clear of debris. Also for defense

Front 7

Papulae

Back 7

Pores in the dorsal side of echinodermata. Used for gas exchange/excretion.

Front 8

Madreporite

Back 8

Pore through which water passes. Echinoderms can regulate the pressure within the hydrovascular system in this way.

Front 9

Ampulla

Back 9

Small valves to which the lateral canals feed water. Each ampulla corresponds to a particular tube foot within an echinoderm.

Front 10

Ring canal, stone canal, lateral canal.

Back 10

Three intermediate steps in the hydrovascular system of echinoderms. They are preceded by the Madreporite, and they feed into the ampulla.

Front 11

Hemal system.

Back 11

Type of circulatory system in which the purpose is not gas exchange but rather nutrient distriution. Possessed by echinoderms.

Front 12

Ophiuroidea

Back 12

Class. Brittle stars. These are characterized by their relatively small central disk and extreme autonomy. Nocturnal, secretive. No pedicellariae, papulae. Madreporite is on oral side. Organs only in the central disk.

Front 13

Autonomy

Back 13

The ability to sever limbs so as to escape. Associated with regeneration.

Front 14

Regeneration

Back 14

The ability to regrow severed limbs. Associated with Autonomy

Front 15

Ossicle

Back 15

Part of the skeletal system of echinoderms. The bone encircles the nerves within the arm. Nerve cords on the outside of the skeleton.

Front 16

Aristotle's Lantern

Back 16

Jaw structure found in sea urchins (echinoidea) whereby 5 teeth come together to one point. Very good for scraping things off rocks.

Front 17

Echinoidea

Back 17

Class. Regulars are sea urchins. Irregulars are sand dollars and heart urchins. Very tough shell, spines. Possess Aristotle's Lantern. Regulars are browsers, irregulars are filter feeders.

Front 18

Holothroidea

Back 18

Class. Sea cucumbers. Detritus feeders. Respiratory tree, which extends throughout animal. Can detach oral tentacles for defense.

Front 19

Cloaca

Back 19

Feature of many animals which is a sort of sack at or near the end of various systems such as digestive, respiratory, or reproductive, whereby multiple materials are simultaneously deposited.

Front 20

Crinoidea

Back 20

Class. Sea lillies. Distinguished by their long stem. They are filter feeders.
No Madreporite or Pedicellarae.

Front 21

Ambrulacral grooves

Back 21

Within the arms of echinoderms, ampulla are attached to these grooves, and tube feet are attached to the ampulla. Spines are also attached on either side of this feature.

Front 22

Chordata (5 features)

Back 22

Phylum. Characterized by 5 features shared by many many animals: notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal slits and pouches, endostyle/thyroid, postanal tail. 3 Subphyla: Tunicata, Cephalochordata, Vertebrata.

Front 23

Tunicata

Back 23

Subphyla. Marine. ~2000 species. 3 classes: Larvacea, Thaliacea, Ascidiacea.
Water enters through incurrent syphon and then passes through meshlike pharyngeal slits. Endostyle produces mucus that traps food. Notochord, nerve cord and tail are displayed during development but then degenerate.

Front 24

Cephalochordata

Back 24

Subphyla. 29 species.
traps particles in mucus, moved into intestine via cilia.
Closed circulatory system.
Endostyle produces mucus.
Pharyngeal slits provide mesh which filters water. Looks like a headless little fish called Amphioxus.

Front 25

Vertebrata

Back 25

Subphylum. all vertebrate animals.

Front 26

Notochord

Back 26

A flexible rod-like structure, like a spine but lacking in vertebrae. Serves as an anchor for muscles. Replaced in gnasthomata by carilaginous or bony vertebrae.

Front 27

Dorsal, tubular nerve cord

Back 27

Above the notochord and digestive system, on the dorsal side of the animal. Tubular because it is in an infolding of ECTOdermal cells.

Front 28

Pharyngeal pouches or slits

Back 28

Series of slits which are used for respiration, or filter feeding in protochordates. Developed from endo- and ectodermal grooves

Front 29

Endostyle or thyroid gland

Back 29

Secretes mucus. Also secretes proteins. In some chordates this is replaced by the thyroid gland.

Front 30

Postanal tail

Back 30

Structure behind the anus, assists in locomotion.

Front 31

Hemichordata

Back 31

Phylum. Acorn worms.
Once a sub-phylum of chordates.
Possess gill slits, rudimentary notochord, dorsal nerve cord. Related to echinoderms and chordates

Front 32

Three classes of tunicates.

Back 32

Larvacea, Thaliacea, Ascidiacea

Front 33

Vertebrata

Back 33

Subphylum. All chordates which possess vertebrae, including Classes Myxini, Cephalospidomorphi, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia.

Front 34

Agnatha

Back 34

Chordate grouping. Meaning without a jaw. Includes Classes Myxini and Cephalaspidomorphi.

Front 35

Thyroid Gland

Back 35

A feature which produces hormones and replaces the endostyle in some chordates.

Front 36

Pisces

Back 36

Chordate grouping. what we generally think of as fish. Includes Classes Osteichthyes and Chondrichthyes.

Front 37

Gnathstomata

Back 37

Subphylum. Means possessing a jaw. Includes classes Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia.

Front 38

Anamniota

Back 38

Chordate grouping. Characterized by the LACK of an amniotic membrane. Includes classes myxini, cephalaspidomorphi, chondrichthyes, and osteichthyes.

Front 39

Myxini

Back 39

Class. Hagfishes. 65 described species. Uses tongue with keratinized teeth to eat mostly dead flesh. Excellent sense of smell and touch. Barbles (minitentacles?) on oral end.

Front 40

Cephalaspidomorphi

Back 40

Class. Lampreys. Marine or freshwater. 41 described species. Parasitic. May produce anticoagulant to feed on blood from host. Only live a few months as adults.

Front 41

Chondrichthyes

Back 41

Class. Cartilaginous fishes, includes sharks, rays, and chimaeras. Subclasses holocephali and elasmobrancii.

Front 42

Holocephali

Back 42

Subclass. Chimaeras. 35 species described.

Front 43

Elasmobranchii

Back 43

Subclass of class Chondrichthyes. Sharks and rays. ~815 species described. Shark attacks are very rare. But they get a lot of attention... Leathery skin. Placoid scales. 5-7 pairs of gill slits.

Front 44

Rays

Back 44

Class chondricthyes . Subclass Elasmobrancii.
They lie on the substrate, breathe via spiricles which let the gills, on the bottom, get water from above the creature. Internal fertilization. Oviparous, females lay eggs after fertilization. Ovoviviparous species, females retain eggs and offspring are nurtured from egg contents.
Viviparous species, females retain eggs and nourish young.
The clasper is used for sperm transfer.

Front 45

Shark

Back 45

Phylum chordata, Class chondrichthyes, Subclass elasmobranchii. Predatory, dioecious... internal fertilization. Not as dangerous as they're made out to be.

Front 46

Types of fins on sharks

Back 46

starting at nose and going dorsaly-around. First dorsal fin, second dorsal fin, caudal fin, pelvic fin, pectoral fin.

Front 47

Lateral line

Back 47

Structure found on sharks and many other fish which allows them to detect changes in water pressure above and below them. contain neuromast cells in their pores and when the water is pushed into the pore it alerts the animal.

Front 48

Clasper

Back 48

feature of sharks used to transfer semen.

Front 49

Neuromast cells

Back 49

Cells beneath the lateral line which actually detect water pressure.

Front 50

Osteichthyes

Back 50

Superclass. Bony fishes. Not a monophyletic group.

Front 51

Differences between Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes

Back 51

Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous
Gill slits
Oil reserves

Osteichthyes
Bony skeleton
Operculum
Swim bladder

Front 52

Acinopterygii

Back 52

Class. Ray-finned fishes.
includes subclasses Chondrostei, Holostei, and Teleostei. Defined by their fins.
Have a lateral line, dorsal, caudal, anal, and pelvic fin. Also a swim bladder.

Front 53

Ray finned fishes

Back 53

Superclass: Osteichthyes. Class: Actinopterygii. Fish whose fins are fanned out, with lots of skeletal support branches.

Front 54

Sarcopterygii

Back 54

Class. Lobe-finned fishes. 10 species. Lungfishes and coelacanths.
The lungfishes can gulp air and survive out of water!
Coelocanths were believed to be extinct for a long time.

Front 55

Swim bladder

Back 55

A sack in the animal. It can be filled with gas using the Ovale in order to increase buoyancy, and regulate pressure (check on this one)

Front 56

Teleostei

Back 56

Subclass. In the class Actinopterygii. These account for 96% of all living fish species known to us, including over ~27000 species.

Front 57

Fast swimmers versus slow swimmers

Back 57

Eels are slow swimmers because they undulate over the entire body.
Tuna are fast swimmers.
2 signs of speedy swimming:
Undulation is primarily in the tail region, the body is stiff.
There is a sickle-shape to their tail fin.

Front 58

Chondrostei

Back 58

Subclass of Actinopterygii. 26 species. They are commonly known as sturgeons. Their spawn is used for as caviar (Roe), and since they take so long to develop, they are now threatened

Front 59

Holostei

Back 59

A subclass of Actinopterygii. Do we know anything about this one?

Front 60

Ovale

Back 60

A gas gland which can take up gas, or put it into the circulatory system, this in combination with the swim bladder, allows the fish to manipulate the amount of gas in its system. (check on this one)

Front 61

Protostomia

Back 61

Mouth develops first from the blastopore. Includes Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa.
Lophotrochozoans= Molluscs and Annelids.
Ecdysozoa= Arthropoda.

Front 62

Deuterostomia

Back 62

Anus develops first from the blastopore.

Includes Echinodermata, Hemichordata and Chordata.

Front 63

Lophotrochozoa

Back 63

Species which share a lophopohre or trochophore larva.

Front 64

Amphibians

Back 64

Class. Chordates, Vertebrates, Craniata, Gnathostomata, tetrapoda, Anamniota. Includes Orders Anura, Gymnophiona, Urodela. 5400 species. Tied to water.

Front 65

Anamniota

Back 65

Subphyla. characterized by the LACK of an amniotic membrane within the developing egg. Includes Myxini, Cephalaspidomorphi, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, and Amphibia.

Front 66

Amphibian adaptations to land.

Back 66

Lungs, not gills.
Strong limbs/skeletons.
Greater thermoregulation.
More places to hide, varied environs.

Front 67

Tetrapoda

Back 67

Subphyla. Characterized by 4 limbs and a head. Includes classes amphibia, reptilia, aves, and mammalia. Said to originate from Sarcopterygii, especially lungfishes.

Front 68

Gymnophiona

Back 68

Order of class amphibia. Comprised of Caecilians. 160 species. These look like snakes, but are not. Burrowing, blind, moist skin. Moist skin's a big difference from snakes. Reproduction: internal fertilization, oviparous or viviparous. Just because they don't have legs doesn't mean they're not tetrapods.

Front 69

Urodela

Back 69

Order of Class amphibia. Salamanders. 500 species.
Limbs at right angles, moist skin. Moist skin, no scales seperates it from lizards. Reproduction: internal fertilization, oviparous. Their development includes a metamorphosis, sometimes the larval form is aquatic.

Front 70

Anura

Back 70

Order of Class amphibia. Toads and frogs. ~4900 species.

Front 71

Caecilians

Back 71

Of the order Gymanophiona. Like snakes but moist skinned.

Front 72

Paedomorphosis

Back 72

Retention in the adult of features that (in the ancestor) were present only in the juveniles forms.

Front 73

The difference between toads and frogs.

Back 73

Toads have a rough skin with poison glands while frogs have smooth skin.

Front 74

Bulfonidae

Back 74

Suborder of Anura. True toads.

Front 75

Hylidae

Back 75

Suborder of Anura. Tree frogs.

Front 76

Ranidae

Back 76

Suborder of Anura. Bullfrogs.

Front 77

Amplexus

Back 77

When many amphibians are ready to mate the male latches onto the females back, and they enter this state. The female begins to deposit eggs in the water, and at the same time the male releases the sperm, so the eggs are fertilized outside of the body.

Front 78

Parts of the egg.

Back 78

Amnion (water seal), allantois (waste products), chorion (gas exchange, embryo, shell, yolk sac (food).

Front 79

Leathery shell

Back 79

This is a feature of the eggs of class reptilia. It protects the eggs from external damage.

Front 80

Embryo

Back 80

This is the developing offspring, for which the egg-environment exists.

Front 81

Amniotic membrane

Back 81

the "pond within the egg," this is a watertight sea around the embryo within the egg.

Front 82

Yolk sac

Back 82

This exists outside the amniotic membrane. It contains food for the developing embryo.

Front 83

Chorion

Back 83

Outside the amniotic membrane. allows for gas exchange.

Front 84

Allantois

Back 84

Part of the egg responsible for storing waste products. Outside of the amniotic membrane.

Front 85

Anapsids

Back 85

Subclass of reptilia. These only have one opening in the skull, behind the eye. Primarily, this describes turtles (testudines)

Front 86

Diapsids

Back 86

Subclass of reptilia. These have multiple openings in the skull, lateral and dorsal. This allows for better jaw motion, stronger jaws. Includes lizards, worm lizards, and snakes (order: squamata)

Front 87

What's the trouble with "Class Reptilia?"

Back 87

It is not a monophyletic group because it fails to acknowledge birds, which are in the class aves.

Front 88

Synapsid

Back 88

Type of skull... I know humans are this, but what is it?

Front 89

Testudines

Back 89

Order of Class Reptillia. Turtles. Anapsid. Dorsal carapace, ventral plastron. No teeth, keratinized plates for gripping.
Reproduction: Internal fertilization, oviparous.

Front 90

Sphenodonta

Back 90

Order. Within the subclass Diapsida. the tuataras of new zealand.

Front 91

Squamata

Back 91

Order. Includes lizards, snakes, and worm lizards. Within the subclass Diapsida.

Front 92

Rough, scaly skin

Back 92

One of the features of reptiles. Reptilian scales come from the EPIDERMIS, whereas fish scales come from the dermis.

Front 93

Reptilia

Back 93

"Class" (should include birds) 1. Characterized by dry skin, 2. crushing jaws, 3. amniotic eggs, 4. internal fertilization, 5. water conservation via uric acid,

Front 94

Glottis

Back 94

Snakes breathe through a hole in the bottom of their mouth. This is useful when they're stuffing a giant bit of prey into their unhinged maw.

Front 95

Sphendonta

Back 95

Order of Reptillia. Tuataras... only two or three species in new zealand. They have a photoreceptive third eye which is associated with thermoregulation and hormone reproduction.

Front 96

Crocodilia

Back 96

Order. Alligators and crocodiles. Subclass Diapsida. They exhibit homodont dentition.

Front 97

How can you tell between a crocodile and an alligator?

Back 97

Crocodiles have a narrow snout, and you can see both the top and bottom teeth when their jaw is closed. Alligators have a wider snout, and you can only see the top teeth.

Front 98

Aves

Back 98

Class. It's birds! Primarily distinguished by feathers, and usually, flight. Belongs to chordate groupings aminota, gnasthstomata, certebrata, craniata, chordata, tetrapoda.
Diapsid. 10000 species described.

Front 99

How did flight develop?

Back 99

Reptilian forbears either...
1) ran away from predators, eventually happened to take off, so that was useful.
2) tree climbing reptiles jumped from tree to tree, and gliding became useful.

Front 100

keel

Back 100

a large bone in the bird's sternum, where flight muscles attach.

Front 101

Parts of Feathers

Back 101

Made of Keratin, the feather begins at the Quill, which turns into the Shaft. Protruding from the shaft are Barbs, and from these barbs protrude Barbules in one direction, and Hooklets in the other. This forms a strong, woven plane which is called a Valve

Front 102

Quill

Back 102

The base of a feather, the thick part which attaches to the bird's skin.

Front 103

Shaft

Back 103

The central part of the feather, the quill becomes this.

Front 104

Barb

Back 104

Strands protruding from the shaft of a feather.

Front 105

Barbule

Back 105

strands which protrude, in one direction (say: north), from the barb of a feather. Hooklets protrude in the opposite direction (south).

Front 106

Hooklet

Back 106

These are tiny hooks which extend from a barb to curl around the barbules from many other barbs. this allows the feather to form a strong vane.

Front 107

Vane

Back 107

The smooth, strong surface formed by interhooked hooklets and barbules. This is important to provide the wing stability necessary for the lift birds need to fly.

Front 108

Molting

Back 108

Birds look ruffled. This can occur seasonally, or once, in the transition from juvenille to adult. It is a risky period, because the bird will have difficulty flying.

Front 109

Perching

Back 109

Said of birds, they have a system in their feet such that they do not have to actively grip what they are standing on.

Front 110

Odd flight muscle attachment

Back 110

A massive muscle pulls the wing down, but it's actually a small muscle that pulls the wing back up, and it does so on the same side (dorsal?) as the down-muscle. it does this by actually wrapping around the wing bone.

Front 111

The respiratory system of birds.

Back 111

Birds have two air sacs where they can hold air. The first inhalation is directed first to the posterior air sac, then the lungs, then the anterior air sac, and finally it is exhaled. Birds effectively have two lungfuls of air at any given time.

Front 112

Specialization in bird features.

Back 112

Beaks are based greatly on the type of food the bird generally feeds on. Wings are based on the type of flying the bird is required to do. You can't be a great glider and at the same time be a fast take-off.

Front 113

Bird reproduction

Back 113

The male does not have a penis. Rather, the cloaca come into contact, and the egg is fertilized internally.

Front 114

Altricial

Back 114

A type of development in which the offspring is helpless, with closed eyes and no feathers/fur

Front 115

Precocial

Back 115

A type of development in which the offspring already has fur/eyes, and are not entirely defenseless.

Front 116

Mammalia

Back 116

Class. Distinguished by hair/fur.
Belonging to the chordate groupings Vertebrata, craniata, gnasthomata, amniota, chordata. The hair is made out of keratin, not chitin, btw. Mammals are endothermic. Mammary glands are a common feature of mammals. They are synapsid. Includes orders: Insectovore (shrews, moles, hedgehogs), Carnivores (cats, dogs, wolves, sea lions, walruses), Primates (monkeys, humans, lemurs), Chiroptera (bats), Rodentia (rodents), Lagomorpha (rabbits), Cetaceans (toothed whales, dolphins), Artiodactyla (sheep, goats, cattle), Perissodactyla (rhinos, horses), Sirenia (manatees, dugongs), Proboscidea (elephants).

Front 117

Prototherian Lineage/ Monotremes

Back 117

Egg-laying mammals. Eggs are laid, undeveloped young are born and feed from milk in the mothers fur. (no nipples).
Exemplified by platypus, echidna.

Front 118

Metatherian lineage

Back 118

Marsupials. Embryos are gestated for some time which is then birthed, and re-enters the mother in a pouch, where it develops further while feeding on milk.

Front 119

Eutherian lineage

Back 119

Mammals, like humans, with placenta. These give birth to live young.

Front 120

Kangaroo reproductive systems

Back 120

Kangaroo can actually have one young in the pouch while another is developing in the uterus, and when the first is still suckling, and another is in the pouch, a third can be in the uterus. Stranger still, the kangaroo can halt the development of the developing embryos so that they are "stored up" in case their current offspring dies.

Front 121

Biological fitness

Back 121

Number of offspring produced over lifetime.

Front 122

How do behavioral responses affect biological fitness?

Back 122

Avoiding predators, choosing what to eat, choosing where to live, finding suitable mates.

Front 123

Different stages of predator prey interaction

Back 123

Encounter. coming across prey.
Detection. distinguishing prey from objects.
Indentification. distinguishing prey as edible.
Attack.
Subjugation. preventing escape.
Consumption. consuming caught prey.

Front 124

Crypsis

Back 124

a type of camouflage in which the prey blends in with a random sample of the environment. Affects the detection stage of predator prey interaction.

Front 125

Resemblence of an inedible object.

Back 125

This is a type of camouflage which works at the identification level of predator prey interaction.

Front 126

Mimicry

Back 126

A type of camouflage in which the animal imitates another creature, usually a toxic one. Batesian Mimicry occurs when a non-toxic species mimics a toxic one. Mullerian Mimicry occurs when a toxic species mimics another toxic species.

Front 127

Batesian mimicry

Back 127

A non-toxic species imitates a toxic one. This is detrimental to the toxic species, because the predator might eat things that look like the toxic species and not get sick!

Front 128

Mullerian mimicry

Back 128

This is a type of mimicry in which a toxic species looks like another toxic species. This benefits both of the species.

Front 129

Homodont dentition

Back 129

All the teeth are the same. exhibited by Order crocodilia. Good for catching fish.

Front 130

Heterodont dentition

Back 130

teeth are different for different food types. Mammals and other omnivores possess this.

Front 131

Hemiptera

Back 131

Class of arthropods, subphyla hexapoda. True bugs. Look for the triangle mark.

Front 132

Homoptera

Back 132

Order of insecta. Cicada, aphids.

Front 133

Insecta.

Back 133

Class of Hexapods, Arthropods. Includes Coeloptera, Diptura, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Leipidoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Odonata,

Front 134

Odonata

Back 134

Order of Insecta. Dragonflies

Front 135

Diptera

Back 135

Order of Insecta. Flies

Front 136

Orthoptera

Back 136

Order of Insecta. Grasshoppers

Front 137

Hymenoptera

Back 137

Class of arthropoda. Subphyla Hexapoda. Social insects like bees, ants, wasps.

Front 138

Lepidoptera

Back 138

Order of Insecta. Butterflies and moths.

Front 139

Coleoptera

Back 139

Order of Insecta. Beetles.

Front 140

Hexapoda

Back 140

Subphylum. six legged. Includes class insecta.

Front 141

Arthropoda

Back 141

Phylum. distinguished by segmented appendages, antennae, tracheal system.

Front 142

Chelicerata

Back 142

Subphylum of Arthropoda. distinguished by chelicerae, which are...

Front 143

Merostomata

Back 143

Class. Horseshoe crabs. feature book gills, chelicerae.

Front 144

Arachnida

Back 144

Class. Includes orders Aranea, Scorpionidae, Acarina, Opiliones.

Front 145

Opiliones

Back 145

Order. Daddy-long-legs.

Front 146

Araneae

Back 146

Order. Spiders, 40000 named species.

Front 147

Scorpionida

Back 147

Order. Scorpions, 1400 named species.

Front 148

Acari

Back 148

Order. Ticks and Mites, 40000+ named species.

Front 149

Closed circulatory system

Back 149

means there's closed vessels that comprise the circulatory system. The blood consists of both intracellular and extracellular fluids. Mammals, most phyla except molluscs (minus cephalopods, who do have a closed system.) Blood always contained in vessels.

Front 150

Open circulatory system

Back 150

No closed blood vessels, so there's just the one type of fluid. Found in Molluscs and Insecta

Front 151

Smaller and smaller blood tubes? starting with the heart.

Back 151

Heart-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins

Front 152

Vein

Back 152

Blood flowing toward the heart is contained in these.

Front 153

Arteries

Back 153

Blood flowing away from the heart is contained in these.

Front 154

Systemic circuit

Back 154

This circuit moves blood out from the heart to the body. In mammals, it connects to the right atrium.

Front 155

Pulmonary circuit

Back 155

This circuit moves blood to the lungs/gills to be reoxygenated.

Front 156

Amphibian heart

Back 156

Amphibians possess both pulmonary and systemic circuits, but the blood in each of these circuits mix within the ventricle of this organ. This makes it somewhat inefficient. However, amphibians breathe through their skin, this inefficiency in nutrient transport is not as crippling as it might appear.

Front 157

Mammalian heart

Back 157

2 atriums, 2 ventricles.
Systemic system dumps into the right atrium, pulmonary into the left. (by the way, it's the creature's right and left). The septum divides the right ventricle from the left.

Front 158

Circulatory system

Back 158

Used for gas exchange and nutrient distribution. Can be open or closed, and utilizes the heart, pulmonary and systemic circuits.

Front 159

Pericardium

Back 159

This is the sac which contains all of the valves, atria, and ventricles of the heart.

Front 160

Atrium

Back 160

connection between a system and a ventricle

Front 161

atrium

Back 161

small chamber within the heart

Front 162

Right atrium

Back 162

this chamber within the heart receives blood from the systemic circuit.

Front 163

left atrium

Back 163

This chamber within the heart recieves blood from the pulmonary system.

Front 164

Tricuspid

Back 164

the right atrioventricular valve

Front 165

Bicuspid

Back 165

the left atrioventricular valve

Front 166

ventricle

Back 166

larger chamber within the heart. There are two in most animals, right and left.

Front 167

Systole

Back 167

contraction within the heart. Atrial systole causes ventricular diastole (relaxation).

Front 168

Diastole

Back 168

relaxation within the heart. Atrial diastole causes ventricular systole (contraction).

Front 169

Neuron

Back 169

A nerve cell.

Front 170

Dendrites

Back 170

The "input" of the cell. Many other neurons may connect to the dendrites via there synapses.

Front 171

Synapse

Back 171

Gaps between neurons, crossed by neurotransmitters.

Front 172

Central nervous system

Back 172

Includes the brain, spinal cord.

Front 173

Forebrain

Back 173

Includes Cerebrum (higher cognition), Thalamus (sensory integration), Hypothalamus (basic drives).

Front 174

Midbrain

Back 174

Includes optic lobes (visual processing), midbrain nuclei (sensory processing)

Front 175

Hindbrain

Back 175

Includes cerebellum (motor coordination), pons (function unknown), medulla oblongata (basic body functions).

Front 176

Cerebrum

Back 176

part of the forebrain. contains higher cognition functions.

Front 177

Thalamus

Back 177

part of the forebrain. contains integration of different senses

Front 178

Hypothalamus

Back 178

part of the forebrain. contains drives like reproductive function, hunger, thirst.

Front 179

Optic lobes

Back 179

part of the midbrain. responsible for visual processing.

Front 180

Midbrain nuclei

Back 180

part of the midbrain. responsible for sensory processing

Front 181

Cerebellum

Back 181

part of the hindbrain. responsible for coordination, timing of movements.

Front 182

Pons

Back 182

part of the hindbrain. not well understood except sort of as a gateway between brain and rest of nervous system.

Front 183

Medulla oblongata

Back 183

Part of the hindbrain. responsible for regulation of basic body functions

Front 184

Meninges

Back 184

3 layers of membrane surrounding the nerves in the spinal cord. surrounded by the vertebrae.

Front 185

Grey matter

Back 185

Neurons

Front 186

White matter

Back 186

axons

Front 187

Reflex arc

Back 187

A neural system in which the sensory neuron moves into the spinal cord, and then right back out to the motor neurons, with NO brain interaction.

Front 188

Peripheral nervous system

Back 188

all sensory and motor neurons. divided into two parts, sensory and motor. Motor is divided further into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system is divided further into the sympathetic and parasympathetic system.

Front 189

Sensory nervous system.

Back 189

Part of the peripheral nervous system... afferent division (towards brain)

Front 190

Motor nervous system

Back 190

part of the peripheral nervous system. efferent division (away from brain)

Front 191

Somatic nervous system

Back 191

Part of the motor nervous system. contained within skeletal muscle. responsible for voluntary movements.

Front 192

Autonomic nervous system

Back 192

part of the motor nervous system. contained in smooth muscle, such as cardiac muscle, glands, and other involuntary functions.

Front 193

sympathetic nervous system

Back 193

part of the autonomic nervous system. Generally, may be considered the excitatory part of the autonomic nervous system.

Front 194

Parasympathetic nervous system.

Back 194

Part of the autonomic nervous system. Generally, the relaxing part of the autonomic nervous system.

Front 195

Chemoreception

Back 195

Type of sensory information which refers to sensing molecules. For us, this is our sense of smell and taste.

Front 196

Mechanoreception

Back 196

This is a type of sensory information concerning the motion of things. For us, this is our sense of touch and hearing. For other creatures, they might detect water current, pressure, etc.

Front 197

Photoreception

Back 197

Sensing light. as in vision.

Front 198

Propioception, noriception.

Back 198

Equilbrium, pain.... just other examples of sensory reception...

Front 199

Why is HIV so hard to kill?

Back 199

Because it reproduces really fast, and changes really quickly. So, once a cure is developed, the virus can adapt...

Front 200

How does HIV attack its host?

Back 200

The varions enter the host through blood, semen, breastmilk. It then moves into the circulatory system and attacks specific immune system cells. It uses the host cell's enzymes in order to rewrite the cell's DNA with its own RNA using reverse transcriptase. the cell is then compelled to create new virons.

Front 201

Requirements for evolution by natural selection

Back 201

1) Traits are varied.
2) Variations are passed on to offspring.
3) Reproductive success is varied (this is universally true).
4) Reproductive success is altered by inhereted traits.

Front 202

Difference between natural selection and evolution

Back 202

natural selection occurs within the lifespan of an individual. Evolution occurs between the generations.

Front 203

Evolution

Back 203

Change in allele frequencies over time

Front 204

4 evolutionary mechanisms

Back 204

1) Natural selection
2) Mutation
3) Migration
4) Genetic drift

Front 205

Natural Selection

Back 205

When specific genetic traits are selected because they lead to the greatest biological fitness. Can be Directional, Stabilizing, or disruptive.

Front 206

Mutation

Back 206

Random changes in the genetic material. Essential that they are random, not targeted. Provide the raw material for evolution: genetic variation.

Front 207

Genetic Drift

Back 207

random changes in allele frequency (not in the alleles themselves, that's mutation. Change in the frequency. Reflective of sampling error)
Is occuring continuously, especially in small populations. Reduces genetic variation.

Front 208

Migration

Back 208

When individuals from isolated populations move from one population to another, they have an affect on allele frequency. This tends to produce more genetic variation, because different populations will have different frequencies, or even different alleles. The immigrants must reproduce to have an impact. Also, migration can sometimes work against natural selection (snakes on islands).

Front 209

Founder effect.

Back 209

When a species migrates to a new region and establishes the population, the original founders have a large effect on the allele frequencies of that population. Multiple founder events have the effect of reducing genetic diversity.

Front 210

Directional selection.

Back 210

Natural selection in which one extreme of a given trait is favored. (eg larger beaks, or thicker shells)

Front 211

Stablizing selection

Back 211

Natural selection in which the medium phenotype is favored.
(eg medium sized palps)

Front 212

Disruptive selection

Back 212

A type of natural selection in which BOTH extremes are favored, and the medium phenotype is reduced.

Front 213

Natural selection versus sexual selection

Back 213

Natural selection encompasses sexual selection... but more specifically, sexual selection is comes in two varieties, intrasextual selection and intersexual selection. A creature which is favorved by sexual selection will often have greater mating success, even if it's less ideally adapted to the environment.

Front 214

Intrasexual selection.

Back 214

Adaptations which make an organism better equipped to compete with other suitors are favored.

Front 215

Intersexual selection

Back 215

Features which make an organism more attractive to mates are favored.

Front 216

Species concept

Back 216

"Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other groups."

Front 217

Speciation

Back 217

The process by which one species becomes two or more. Occurs in the absence of "gene flow" (migration). reproductive isolation is essential to speciation.

Front 218

Reproductive isolation

Back 218

Essential for speciation. No offspring. Could be at the level of courtship, or they can't fertilize, or the offspring aren't viable, or the offspring are viable but sterile, like mules.

Front 219

Allopatric model

Back 219

A physical barrier arises between populations. When the barrier is removed, they can no longer interbreed.

Front 220

Allopatric dispersal

Back 220

Type of speciation where a new population is founded and loses contact with the old one until they can no longer interbreed.

Front 221

Allopatric vicariance

Back 221

Type of speciation in which a barrier cuts into a species' range, dividing them into two populations.

Front 222

Stomatopoda

Back 222

Order, of Class Malacostraca.
distinguished by strange club-claws, and ruffled stomach

Front 223

Decapoda

Back 223

Order, of Class Malacostraca.
Shrimp, Lobsters, Crabs.

Front 224

Bryozoa

Back 224

Phylum. Small colonial aquatic things. They group up to form a colony.

Front 225

Brachiopoda

Back 225

Phylum. Obscure "lamp shells" They look like a booger.

Front 226

Ambulacral ridge (Starfish dissection)

Back 226

Phylum Echinodermata, Class Astroidea. 2 hard lines running down the center of the arm.

Front 227

Ampulla (Starfish dissection)

Back 227

Phylum Echinodermata, Class Astroidea. On the side of the ambulacral ridge, white-clear sacks.

Front 228

Ceca (Starfish dissection)

Back 228

Phylum Echinodermata, Class Astroidea. Yellow, bulbous gunk. Stomach was a large mass in the middle.

Front 229

Pharynx (Sea cucumber dissection)

Back 229

Phylum Echinodermata, Class Holothuroidea. Large white and red sack. Retractor muscles were whitish bars, hard.

Front 230

Respiratory tree (Sea cucumber dissection)

Back 230

Phylum Echinodermata, Class Holothuroidea. Large mess of tentacle like tubes. Was orange...

Front 231

Ampuca (Sea cucumber dissection)

Back 231

Phylum Echinodermata, Class Holothuroidea. Red dots on lining longitudinal muscles.

Front 232

Aristotle's Lantern (Urchin dissection)

Back 232

Phylum Echinodermata, Class Echinoidea. Bony structure in the center.

Front 233

Chaetognatha

Back 233

Phylum. Arrow worms. We didn't learn much about them...

Front 234

Papulae

Back 234

Feature of class astroidea. fleshy lobes that are used for respiration.

Front 235

Esophagus (Urchin dissection)

Back 235

Phylum echinodermata, class echinoidea. Long whitish tube that goes from the mouth to the top of the creature.

Front 236

Small intestine (Urchin dissection)

Back 236

Phylum echinodermata, class echinoidea. around sides, there are curves of coils. These are the darker, inner part... i think they were black while the large intestine was orange?

Front 237

Large intestine (urchin dissection)

Back 237

On the outside part of the innards, but closer to the center than the small intestine.

Front 238

Gonads (urchin dissection)

Back 238

???

Front 239

Bipinnaria

Back 239

Asteroidea larva. They look sorta like a pod.

Front 240

Echinopluteus

Back 240

Echinoidea larva. They look like a ... rhombus with many rods attached on one end... sort of a lunar lander? Hehe.

Front 241

Placoid scales

Back 241

Feature of subclass Elasmobranchii. Grows out of the dermis, unlike reptilian scale, which grow out of the epidermis.

Front 242

Actinopterygii

Back 242

Class. Ray finned fish. most fish are in this class. Includes subclasses Chondrostei(sturgeons), Holostei(), Teleostei(most fish)

Front 243

Holocephalii

Back 243

Subclass of Chondricthyes. Dogfish! Despite being cartiliginous fishes, they have an operculum.

Front 244

Insectivores

Back 244

Order of class mammalia. Shrews, moles, hedgehogs.

Front 245

Carnivores

Back 245

Order of class mammalia. Seals, sea lions, walruses, wolves, cats, dogs

Front 246

Primates

Back 246

Order of class mammalia. monkeys, lemurs, humans

Front 247

Chiroptera

Back 247

Order of class mammalia. Bats.

Front 248

Rodentia

Back 248

Order of class mammalia. Gophers, hamsters, mice, rats, beavers.

Front 249

Cetaceans

Back 249

Order of class mammalia. Toothed and baleen whales, dolphins.

Front 250

Artiodactyla

Back 250

Order of class mammalia. Deer, antelope, sheep, goats, cattle.

Front 251

Perissodactyla

Back 251

Order of class mammalia. Rhinos, horses.

Front 252

Sirenia

Back 252

Order of class mammalia. Manatees, dugongs.

Front 253

Proboscidea

Back 253

Order of class mammalia. Elephants

Front 254

Insectivores

Back 254

Order of class mammalia. Shrews, moles, hedgehogs.

Front 255

Carnivores

Back 255

Order of class mammalia. Seals, sea lions, walruses, wolves, cats, dogs

Front 256

Primates

Back 256

Order of class mammalia. monkeys, lemurs, humans

Front 257

Chiroptera

Back 257

Order of class mammalia. Bats.

Front 258

Rodentia

Back 258

Order of class mammalia. Gophers, hamsters, mice, rats, beavers.

Front 259

Lagomorpha

Back 259

Order of class mammalia. Rabbits

Front 260

Cetaceans

Back 260

Order of class mammalia. Toothed and baleen whales, dolphins.

Front 261

Artiodactyla

Back 261

Order of class mammalia. Deer, antelope, sheep, goats, cattle.

Front 262

Perissodactyla

Back 262

Order of class mammalia. Rhinos, horses.

Front 263

Sirenia

Back 263

Order of class mammalia. Manatees, dugongs.

Front 264

Bones of the body (MEGA CARD!)

Back 264

Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalnges, femur, fibula, patella, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, pelvic girdle, sacrum, scalpula, clavicle, Vertebrae: Sacral, lumbar, thoracic, cervical.

Front 265

Phalanges.

Back 265

Bone. Refers to the fingers or toes. attached to the metacarpals or metatarsals.

Front 266

Metatarsals

Back 266

Bone. The flat of the foot. attached to the tarsals, and the phalanges.

Front 267

Fibula

Back 267

Bone. smaller of the pair of bones in the calf. attached to the tibia, which leads from the Patella/Femur to the tarsals.

Front 268

Tibia

Back 268

Bone. Larger of the calf bones. Attached to the fibula. Leads from the Patella/Femur to the tarsals.

Front 269

Patella

Back 269

Bone. Kneecap. Between the Tibia and the Femur.

Front 270

Metacarpals

Back 270

Bone. Hand, palm. attached to the carpals and the phalanges.

Front 271

Carpals

Back 271

Bone. Wrist. Attached to the radius, and the metacarpals.

Front 272

Radius

Back 272

Bone. Larger of the pair in the forearm. Attached to the ulna, leads from the humerus to the carpal bones.

Front 273

Ulna

Back 273

Bone. Smaller of the pair in the forearm. Attached to the radius. Goes from Humerus to the carpal bones.

Front 274

Humerus

Back 274

Bone. within the upper arm. attaches to the Scapula, goes to the Radius/Ulna.

Front 275

Scapula

Back 275

Bone. Backside of the shoulder. Attaches to the clavicle, humerus, rib cage.

Front 276

Clavicle

Back 276

Bone. Collarbone. Attaches to the rib cage, spine, scapula.

Front 277

4 types of vertebrae, from skull to pelvis. (how many of each are there? Special names?)

Back 277

1)Cervical. Near the neck. The first is Atlas, the second is Axis. Then there are 5 more.
2) Thoracic. Each has ribs attached. There are 12.
3) Lumbar. Lower back. There are 5.
4) Sacral. End of the spine, within the pelvic girdle. Consists of 1 vertebra, the sacrum. A bit of bone attached to the end of the sacrum is the Coccyx... maybe a tail remnant?

Front 278

Sternum

Back 278

Central bone on top of the chest. Holds ribcage together.

Front 279

Atlas

Back 279

Vertebra. The first of the cervical vertebra. Just after the skull.

Front 280

Axis

Back 280

Vertebra. The second of the cervical vertebra. Just after the atlas.

Front 281

Astragalus/Calcaneus

Back 281

The large, paired bones which have replaced the tarsals in frogs. Calcaneus is larger.

Front 282

Synsacrum

Back 282

Bone. In birds, the pelvic girdle.

Front 283

Furcula

Back 283

Small bone in birds that replaces the clavicle. The wishbone.

Front 284

Muscles of the body. (Mega Card!)

Back 284

Deltoid, trapezius, platysma, pectoralis, rectus abdominis, external obliques, latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius.

Front 285

Deltoid.

Back 285

Muscle. Shoulder. Connects to the trapezius, and the platysma.

Front 286

Trapezius.

Back 286

Muscle. Side-of-neck-to-shoulder. Connects to the deltoid. Runs from the back of the neck down about a third of the way down the back.

Front 287

Platysma

Back 287

Muscle. Front of the neck.

Front 288

Pectoralis

Back 288

Muscle. Top of the chest.

Front 289

Rectus abdominis

Back 289

Muscle. Over the stomach. This is the "6 pack."

Front 290

External obliques

Back 290

Muscle. On the sides of the sternum.

Front 291

Latissimius dorsi

Back 291

Muscle. Most of the the lower part of the back. the upper part is the trapezius.

Front 292

Biceps brachii

Back 292

Muscle. FRONT side of the upper arm.

Front 293

Triceps brachii

Back 293

Muscle. BACK side of the upper arm.

Front 294

Gluteus maximus

Back 294

Muscle. Butt.

Front 295

Rectus femoris

Back 295

Muscle. Larger part of the thigh, going down the middle of the leg.

Front 296

Semitendinosus

Back 296

Muscle. Back of the thigh. the inner side

Front 297

Biceps femoris

Back 297

Muscle. Outside of the thigh.

Front 298

Gastrocnemius

Back 298

Muscle. Calf. Major mass in the back of the lower leg.

Front 299

Facial Muscles and their functions. (Mega Card!)

Back 299

Occipitofrontalis: Raises eyebrows, forehead.
Platysma: opens mouth, wrinkles skin of neck.
Masseter: Closes mandible, protrudes mandible.
Obicularis oris: Lips

Front 300

Occipitofrontalis

Back 300

facial muscle responsible for moving eyebrows, brow.

Front 301

Platysma (head)

Back 301

Facial muscle responsible for opening mouth, wrinkling skin of neck.

Front 302

Masseter

Back 302

Facial muscle. Opens and closes mandible.

Front 303

Orbicularis oris

Back 303

Facial muscle. Responsible for lip movements.

Front 304

Extension

Back 304

muscle movement. To straighten a joint.

Front 305

Flexion

Back 305

muscle movement. to bend a joint.

Front 306

Adduction

Back 306

bone movement. to move a bone toward the midline of the body.

Front 307

Abduction

Back 307

bone movement. to move a bone away from the midline of the body.

Front 308

Muscles of the frog. (Mega Card!)

Back 308

Deltoid, Triceps brachii, Semimembranosus, Gastrocnemius, External oblique, Triceps femoris, pectoralis major.

Front 309

Deltoid (frog)

Back 309

Muscle. small, located on the bit between the head and the upper arm. not exactly on the front or back.

Front 310

Triceps brachii (frog)

Back 310

Muscle. on the back of the upper arm.

Front 311

Semimembranosus (frog)

Back 311

muscle. On the back side of the thigh, leads to anus.

Front 312

Gastrocnemius (frog)

Back 312

muscle. backside of the lower leg.

Front 313

Biceps femoris (frog)

Back 313

Muscle. Line in the middle of the back of the leg. Sandwiched between the triceps femoris and the semimembranosus.

Front 314

External oblique (frog)

Back 314

Muscle. Side of the back of the frog. Most of the back mass.

Front 315

Pectoralis major (frog)

Back 315

Muscle. A large V going from the center of the underside of the frog up to the shoulders.

Front 316

Liver (frog dissection)

Back 316

Order Anura. Class amphibia. Large, clover-like feature on the outermost portion of the stomach of the frog.

Front 317

Heart (frog dissection)

Back 317

Order Anura. Class amphibia. The head-leaf of the liver clover. This doesn't make any sense. ^_^

Front 318

Lung (frog dissection)

Back 318

Order Anura. Class amphibia. Beneath the liver. Clear sacs, thin

Front 319

Gall bladder (frog dissection)

Back 319

Order Anura. Class amphibia. hard to find! see if can dissect again before final... I recall it being on the animal's right... beneath the heart and liver.

Front 320

Spleen (frog dissection)

Back 320

Order Anura. Class amphibia. between the stomach and the intestine. A hard chunk, somewhat circular?

Front 321

Kidney (frog dissection)

Back 321

Order Anura. Class amphibia. Beneath the liver, heart, stomach, lungs... somewhere around the oviducts.

Front 322

Complete course of blood through the circulatory system, starting fresh from the lungs. (Mega Card!)

Back 322

Pulmonary vein into the left atrium, through the bicuspoid valve, into the left ventricle, out of the heart through the aorta, to various parts of the body, deoxygenated. Back to the heart via the vena cava, into the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, into the right ventricle, then through a pulmonary artery, which goes to the lungs for fresh oxygen.

Front 323

Pons (sheep brain dissection)

Back 323

Phylum chordata. Subphylum Vertebra. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. large smooth part on the bottom side of the brain.

Front 324

Cerebellum (sheep brain dissection)

Back 324

Phylum chordata. Subphylum Vertebra. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. The treelike part at the back.

Front 325

Hippocampus.

Back 325

Phylum chordata. Subphylum Vertebra. Class Mammalia. Order Artiodactyla. Within the indentation in the center.

Front 326

Parts of the brain (Mega card!)

Back 326

Forebrain: Cerebrum (higher cognition), Thalamus (sensory integration), Hypothalamus (drives, like for sex and food).
Midbrain: Optic lobes (visual processing), Midbrain nuclei (sensory processing).
Hindbrain: Cerebellum (motion coordination), Pons (unknown function), Medulla oblongata (regulation of body functions).

Front 327

Complete taxonomy for Phylum Arthropoda (Mega Card!)

Back 327

Subphyla: Trilobita (trilobites), Chelicerata, Crustacea, Myriapoda, Hexapoda. Classes of Chelicerata: Arachnida, Merostomata (Horseshoe crabs), Pycnogonida (sea spiders). Classes of Crustacea: Branchiopoda, Maxillopoda.
Malacostraca.
Classes of Myriapoda: Chilopoda (centipedes), Diplopoda (millipedes).
Orders of Hexapoda: Orthoptera (grasshopper), Odonata (dragonflies), Hemiptera (true bugs), Homoptera (cicadas), Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps), Diptera (true flies), Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths).
Orders of Arachnida: Acari (ticks), Scorpionida (scorpions), Opiliones (daddy long legs), Aranea (spiders).
Orders of Malacostraca: Stomatopoda (ruffles, Isopoda (roly-pollies), Decapoda (shrimp, crabs).

Front 328

Chordate groupings (Mega Card!)

Back 328

Subphyla: Vertebrata (vertebrate), Tunicata (tunicate), Cephalocordata (amphioxus).
Other groupings: Agnatha (no jaw), gnasthstomata (jaw), acraniata (no skull), craniata (skull), Anaminota (no amniotic membrane), aminota (amniotic membrane), Pisces (fish), tetrapoda (tetrapods).

Front 329

Complete taxonomy of Chordates (Super Mega Card!)

Back 329

Classes Myxini (hagfishes), Cephalospidomorphi (lampreys), Chondricthyes, Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes), Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes), Amphibia, Reptillia, Aves, Mammalia. Subclasses of Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays), Holocephali (Chimaeras). Orders of Chondrostei (), Holostei () & Teleostei (). Orders of Amphibia: Gymnophiona (caecilians), Urodela (salamanders), Anura (frogs, toads).
Orders of Reptillia: Testudines (turtles), Sphenodonta (tuataras), Crocodilia (crocodiles, alligators), Squamata (lizards, snakes, worm lizards). Orders of Mammalia: Insectovore (shrews, moles, hedgehogs), Carnivores (cats, dogs, wolves, sea lions, walruses), Primates (monkeys, humans, lemurs), Chiroptera (bats), Rodentia (rodents), Lagomorpha (rabbits), Cetaceans (toothed whales, dolphins), Artiodactyla (sheep, goats, cattle), Perissodactyla (rhinos, horses), Sirenia (manatees, dugongs), Proboscidea (elephants).

Front 330

Types of feathers and how to distinguish them.

Back 330

1) primary: curved, notched. 2) secondary: curved, un-notched. 3) tail feathers: not curved.

Front 331

Fixation

Back 331

When an allele becomes the only allele in a population.

Front 332

Myriapoda

Back 332

Subphylum of Phylum arthropoda. Contains class Chilopoda and Diplopoda.

Front 333

Chilopoda

Back 333

Class of subphylum myriapoda. Centipedes

Front 334

Diplopoda

Back 334

Class of subphylum myriapoda. Millipedes