Zoology Exam 2 - Chapter 4

Front 1

Populations

Back 1

Consist of individuals of the same species that occupy a given area at the same time

Front 2

Organic evolution

Back 2

"descent with modification" or populations change over time

Front 3

Aristotle

Back 3

384 - 322BC, described concepts of change in living organisms over time

Front 4

Georges-Louis Buffon

Back 4

-Spent many years studying comparative anatomy.
-Noticed structural variations in particular organs of related animals.
-Believed that apes were degenerate humans.

Front 5

Erasmus Darwin

Back 5

-1744-1829
-a physician and grandfather of Charles Darwin
-intensely interested in questions of origin and change
-believed in the common ancestry of all organisms

Front 6

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Back 6

-1744-1829
-distinguished French zoologist
-important studies of animal classification

Front 7

Theory of inheritance

Back 7

Organisms develop new organs or modify existing organs as needs arise
-Disuse of organs results in degeneration of organs

Front 8

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Back 8

-Believed that species could not become extinct, they simply evolved into different species

Front 9

Used the example of a giraffe that had a shorter necks and eventually became longer by generation because of reaching higher

Back 9

Lamarck

Front 10

No evidence that changes in the environment can initiate changes in organisms that can be passed on to future generations.

Back 10

Lamarck - Incorrect evolution theory

Front 11

Random changes in the structure of DNA

Back 11

mutation

Front 12

1809 - 1882
- was physician like grandfather
- Not interested in a career in medicine because he could not bear the sight of people in pain
- Liked collecting beetles

Back 12

Charles Robert Darwin

Front 13

commissioned as a naturalist on the HMS Beagle

Back 13

Darwin

Front 14

How long was the HMS Beagle voyage

Back 14

5 years

Front 15

What did Darwin do on voyage

Back 15

seafaring tasks
numerous collections
explore tropical rain forests
fossil beds

Front 16

Galapagos Islands

Back 16

900 km off coast of Ecuador

Front 17

How old was Darwin at the end of of the voyage

Back 17

27 years old

Front 18

When were Darwin's ideas presented to the Linnean Society in London

Back 18

1858

Front 19

1859 What book published by Darwin

Back 19

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

Front 20

thought that 6000 years was not enough time for species to change

Back 20

Darwin

Front 21

Uniformitarianism

Back 21

idea that forces of wind, rain, rivers, volcanoes, and geological uplift shape the earth today

Front 22

idea's Darwin got from Lyell's book

Back 22

1- Earth could be much older than 6000 years
2- the face of the earth changed gradually over long periods, why can't animals change too?

Front 23

Two animals from islands

Back 23

Galapagos Tortoises, Galapagos finches

Front 24

adaptive radiation

Back 24

the formation of new forms from an ancestral species, usually in response to the opening of new habitats

Front 25

Darwin's experiences in South America and the Galapagos Islands

Back 25

convinced him that animals change over time

Front 26

Darwin 1836

Back 26

worked diligently on the notes and specimens he had collected and made new observations

Front 27

1766 - 1834
-Essay on the Principle of Population
- believed that the human population has the potential to increase geometrically (doubling)

Back 27

Thomas Malthus

Front 28

natural selection

Back 28

traits that were detrimental for an animal would be eliminated by the failure of the animal containing them to reproduce

Front 29

Had no knowledge of modern genetic concepts

Back 29

Darwin

Front 30

Selection Theory 2 - Inherited variations exist

Back 30

arise from variety of sources including mutation, genetic recombination, random fertilization

Front 31

Selection Theory 3 -

Back 31

because resources are limited, existence is a constant struggle

Front 32

Selection Theory 4

Back 32

Adaptive traits are perpetuated in subsequent generations

Front 33

Selection Theory 1

Back 33

all organisms have a far greater reproductive potential than is ever realized

Front 34

occurs when a heritable change in a phenotype increases an animal's chance of successful reproduction

Back 34

Adaptation

Front 35

likely to be expressed when an organism encounters a new environment and may result in the evolution of multiple new groups if an environment can be exploited in different ways

Back 35

Adaptation

Front 36

sometimes used to refer to a process of change in evolution

Back 36

Adaptation

Front 37

explorer of the Amazon valley
-1823 - 1913
-impressed with evolutionary change and read the writings of Thomas Malthus
-Similar to Darwin's theory

Back 37

Alfred Russel Wallace

Front 38

sent paper to Darwin for criticism

Back 38

Wallace

Front 39

papers published in 1858

Back 39

Wallace and Darwin's in Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society

Front 40

Wallace believed that every evolutionary modification was product of selection and therefore had to be adaptive for the organism

Back 40

Wallace difference from Darwin

Front 41

Darwin's ideas are closer to the views of most modern scientists

Back 41

Darwin

Front 42

1864 Wallace

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Wrote to Darwin attributing theory to Darwin

Front 43

changes in the frequency of alleles in populations over time

Back 43

microevolution

Front 44

large scale changes that result in extinction and formation of new species

Back 44

macroevolution

Front 45

the study of the geographic distribution of plants and animals

Back 45

biogeography

Front 46

try to explain why organisms are distributed where they are

Back 46

biogeographers

Front 47

the study of the fossil record

Back 47

paleontology

Front 48

evidence of plants and animals that existed in the past and have become incorporated into the earth's crust

Back 48

fossils

Front 49

one of the major unifying themes in biology

Back 49

evolution

Front 50

helps explain the diversity of life that exists on earth

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evolution

Front 51

the combination of population genetics and Darwinian theory of evolution

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Neo-Darwinism or Modern Synthesis

Front 52

english naturalist in what is now Malaysia

Back 52

Alfred Russel Wallace

Front 53

in 1858, Darwin received a manuscript in the mail from...

Back 53

Wallace

Front 54

the differential survival and reproduction of individuals with certain inherited traits

Back 54

natural selection

Front 55

results in the survival of those best adapted to their environment and the elimination of those less well adapted

Back 55

natural selection

Front 56

1 - Organisms have great reproductive fertility
2 - Inherited variations arise by random mutations
3 - Because resources are limited, existence is a constant struggle
4 - Adaptive traits are perpetuated in subsequent generations

Back 56

Theory of Natural Selection

Front 57

breeding of animals

Back 57

Artificial Selection

Front 58

entered medical school, but withdrew

Back 58

Darwin

Front 59

Trained for the clergy - Church of England graduated with honors in 1831

Back 59

Darwin

Front 60

Developed theory of uniformatarianism

Back 60

Charles Lyell

Front 61

Underlying principles of evolution

Back 61

1 - individuals do not evolve, populations do
2 - natural selection acting on genetic variability is the mechanism of evolution
3 - Evolution by natural selection occurs by chance

Front 62

changes in the overall genetic makeup of the population over time

Back 62

evolution