Zoology Exam 1

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Zoology

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the scientific study of animals

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evolution

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Extensive and ongoing change.

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Phylogeny

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the history of animal life as a branching genealogical tree

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Essential characteristics of science as stated by Judge Overton

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1. it is guided by natural law

2. it has to be explanatory by reference to natural law

3. it is testable against the empirical world

4. its conclusions are tentative and not necessarily the final word

5. it is falsifiable

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Proximate causes

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underlie functionings of biological systems at all levels of complexity

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experimental method

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1) predict how a system being studied would respond to a disturbance

2) make the disturbance

3) compare observed results to predicted.

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Controls

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established to eliminate any unprecieved factors that may bias the outcome

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Inheritance of acquired characteristics

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organisms aquire adaptations and pass them by heredity to their offspring

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Evolutionary change is caused by -

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differential survival and reproduction among organisms that differ in heredity traits.

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uniformitarianism

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1) laws of physics and chemistry remain consistent throughout earth's history

2) past geological events occurred by natural processes similar to those that we observe in action today.

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5 theories of Darwinism

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1) perpetual change

2) common descent

3) multiplication of species

4) gradualism

5) natural selection

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Perpetual change

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states that the living world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling, but is always changing

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Common Descent

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States that all forms of life propagated from a common ancestor through branching of lineages

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Multiplication of species

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Evolution produces new species by splitting and transforming older ones.

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Gradualism

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Large differences in anatomical traits that characterize different species originate by accumulation of many small incremental changes over time.

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Natural Selection

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Explains why organisms are constructed to meet demands of their environment

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adaptaions

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populations accumulate favorable characteristics throughout ling periods of evolution

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Organisms have great potential fertility

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all populations produce large nubers

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Natural populations normally remain constant in size, except for minor fluctuations

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natural populations fluctuate in size across generations and sometimes go extinct, not no natural populations show the continued exponential growth that their reproductive capacity theoretically could sustain.

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All organisms show variation

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no two individuals are exactly alike

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Variation is heritable

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parents pass down traits to their offspring

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Sorting

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Different survival and reproduction among varying organisms

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Trend

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Directional changes in characteristic features or patterns of diversity in a group of organisms.

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Ontogeny

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the history of development of an organism through its entire life.

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Heterochrony

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evolutionary changes in timing of development

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Criteria for identifying species

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1) descent from a common ancestral pop.

2) reproductive capability within species

3) maintenance withing species of genotypic and phenotypic cohesion

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Reproductive barriers

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Biological factors that prevent species from interbreeding

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Allopatric Speciation

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speciation that results from evolution of reproductive barriers between geographically separated populations

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Adaptive Radiation

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Production of many ecologically diverse species from common ancestral stock

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Phyletic Gradualism

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a long series of intermediate forms bridging phenotypes of ancestral and descendant populations

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Chromosomal theory of inheritance

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A synthesis of Mendelian Genetics and cytological studies of segregation of chromosomes into gametes

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Microevolution

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evolutionary changes in frequencies of variant forms of genes within populations

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Macroevolution

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evolution on a grand scale

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genetic equalibrium is disturbed in natural populations by: (4 things)

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1) random genetic drift

2) Nonrandom mating

3) Migration

4) Natural Selection

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Inbreeding

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preferential mating among close relatives

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Migration

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prevents different populations of a species from diverging

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Stabilizing selection

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favors average values of a trait

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Directional selection

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Favors an extreme value of a phenotype and causes a population average to shift toward it.

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Why do we study Animal Diversity?

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To reconstruct a phylogeny of animal life

Understand processes that generate and maintain species diversity and adaptions

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Experimental Science

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Answers proximate "how" questions. The goal is to understand how the biological system functions

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Evolutionary Science

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Answers ultimate "why" questions. The goal is to understand the relationships between living things

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The Great Chain of Being

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Proposed by Aristotle