Zoology

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BINARY FISSION

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method of asexual reproduction in which an organism constricts and separates into two smaller new individuals

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CILIUM
(plural: CILIA)

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cylindrical cytoplasmic extension from the surface of certain protozoa and of some kinds of metazoan cells.Serves in locomotion and feeding protozoa. Similar to flagellum, but generally shorter and more numerous. Both cilia and flagella are supported by internal microtubles arranged in a characteristic nine outer plus two central pattern.

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COCCIDIOSIS

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disease of birds, rabbits, and other animals caused by the sporozoan /Eimeria/ and related sporozoans (Phylum Apicomplexa).

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COLONIAL THEORY

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suggested explanation for the evolution of metazoa from the unicellular protozoan ancestor throught eh aggregation of unicellular forms into a colony

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CONJUGATION

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a specialized type of mating, nuclear exchange, and nuclear reorganization characteristic of ciliates; a form of sexual reproduction

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CONTRACTILE VACUOLE

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an organelle found in many freshwater protozoa that serves in osmoregulation (water balance)

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CYTOSTOME

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the "cell mouth" found in many protozoa, including ciliates, some flagellates, and some apicomplexa. In ciliates, the cytostome is often surrounded by specialized ciliary feeding organelles

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DIOECIOUS

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occurence of sex organs in different individuals; that is, there are distinct male and female individuals of a species

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FLAGELLA
(singular: flagellum)

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cylindrical cytoplasmic extensions from the surface of certain protozoa and some metazoan cells. Function in locomotion and feeding mastigophorans. Similar to cilia but longer and usually fewer per cell

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MACRONUCLEUS

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the large metabolic nucleus typlical of ciliates. Often has a characteristic chape. Divides amitotically by pinching in two. Contains many duplicated sets of genes (polyploid)

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MALARIA

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disease of humans and other animals. Caused by members of the protozoan genus /Plasmodium/, which invade the blood and other tissues of the hosts

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MICRONUCLEUS

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the small reproductive nucleus in ciliates. Some ciliates have more than one micronucleus. Usually divides by ordinary mitosis

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MONOECIOUS

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occurrence of male and female reproductive organs in the same individual; hermaphroditic

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MONOPHYLETIC

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having a common evolutionary origin; sharing a common ancestry

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NUCLEAR DIMORPHISM

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having two distinct types of nuclei within the same cell. Characteristic of the ciliated protozoa, Phylum Ciliophora

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POLYPHYLETIC

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having different evolutionary origins; no common ancestry

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PSEUDOPODIUM
(plural: pseudopodia)

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protoplasmic extension of an amoebid cell; the "false foot" of the Sarcodina used for feeding and locomotion. Various Sarcodina have pseudopodia specialized for specific purposes. Also present in other kinds of amoebid cells auch as leucocytes or white blood cells in many kinds of animals

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STIGMA

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light-sensitive spot found in certain protozoa, such as /Euglena/

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SYNCYTIAL THEORY

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suggested explanation for the possible evolution of metazoa from some protozoan ancestor as a result of partitioning a multinucleated ciliate form. The resulting metazoan is thought to resemble a primitive flatworm

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ABORAL

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away from or opposite to the mouth

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ANAL

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toward the anus or away fromt he mouth

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ASYMMETRY

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an irregular arrangement of body parts; without a central point, axis, or plane of symmetry

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BILATERAL SYMMETRY

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an arrangement of body parts on opposite sides of a central plane (midsagittal plane), which divieds the body into two symmetrical halves (mirror images)

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CAUDAL

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toward the tail or tail end; the opposite of the cephalic

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CEPHALIC

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of or pertaining to the head; the opposite of caudal

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CEPHALIZATION

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the concentration of nervous and sensory structures to form a head at the anterior end

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CRANIAL

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relating to the skull or cranium

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CROSS SECTION

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sections of the body cut on any transverse plane; such sections are perpendicular to the sgittal and frontal planes

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DEEP

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pertaining to structures away fromt he surface of the body; the opposite of superficial

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DISTAL

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awat from the center or point of attachment; the opposite of proximal

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DORSAL

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relating to the back or upper surface; the opposite of ventral

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FRONTAL PLANE

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plane parallel to the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body, which bisects a bilaterally symmetrical animal into upper and lower halves

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LATERAL

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toward the side; the opposite of medial

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LONGITUDINAL

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lengthwise; parallel to the long axis

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MEDIAL

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toward the sagittal plane or center of the body; the opposite of lateral

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MEDIAN

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located in or near the sagittal plane

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ORAL

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toward the mouth

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PERIPHERAL

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toward the outer surface

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POSTERIOR

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the hind part(rear) of the body; the opposite of anterior

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PROXIMAL

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toward the center or point of attachment; the opposite of distal

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RADIAL SYMMETRY

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arrangement of body parts symmetrically around a central axis; any plane through the central axis divides the body into symmetrical halves (mirror images)

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SAGITTAL PLANE

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any longitudinal plane passing from the head to tail. The midsagittal plane bisects a bilateral animal into two symmetrical halves (mirror images). All longitudinal planes parallel to the midsagittal plane are parasagittal planes

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SEGMENTATION

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the serial repetition of body parts into distinct segments or metameres