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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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scientific method
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1. Observation
2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Conclusions 6. Communication A stepwise procedure for answering questions about our world |
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Observation
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First step of Scientific method. The recognitiong of a process of phenomenon, one must first recognize its existence
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Question
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What we are trying to answer
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Null Hypotheisis
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the hypothesis that predicts no difference between the two groups
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Alternative Hypothesis
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Makes a prediction about the outcome of the experiment
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Experiment
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A procedure to test your hypothesis and provide an unambiguous answer to your original questions
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Dependent Variable
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The variable in which you are looking for an affect
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Independent Variable
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The variable that causes the effect on the dependent variable
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Controlled/standardized variable
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this treatment is exactly like the experimental treatment except there is no independent variable
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Microscope
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Look in Appenix A
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Nucleus
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the center of the cell
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Cytoplasm
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houses the organelles. around the nucleus
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plasma membrane
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surronding. contains the cytoplasm
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nuclear membrane
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encloses the nucleus
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Recap
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GO OVER ALL IN EVERY LAB!!!!
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Animal cell
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page 17
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Nuclear Membrane
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controls the movement of substance into and out of the nucleus
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Chromatin
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Assosciation of DNA and proteins-site of messanger RNA production
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Nucleolus
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site of ribosomal RNA production
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and other toxins
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Secretes proteins produced by ribosomes, adds phospholipids to cell membranes
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Ribosomes
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Cellular sites of protein synthesis
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Golgi Apparatus
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stacks of membrane bound sacs that are sites of segregation and accumulation of cellular products for secretion and cellular metabolism
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Mitochondria
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Site of ATP production
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Axon
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a long thin fiber that transmits signals away from the neuron cell body to other neurons, or to muscles or glands
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Dendrite
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Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information
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Diploblastic
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two tissue layers
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Epidermis
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the outer layer in several types of animals; also the outermost cell layer of young roots, stems, and leaves
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Gastrodermis
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Packets of digestive enzymes ti be released into GVC from secretory gastrodermal cells
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Mesoglea
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nerve net is embedded here. between epidermis and gastrodermis
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radial symmetry
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an animal body form in which any plane passing from on end to the other divides the body into mirror images
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polyp
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the sessile form of a cnidarian. pg 50
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medusa
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the free swimming form of a cnidarian
pg 45 |
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nerve cell
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bundle of axons
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nerve net
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diffuse network of neurons, as in cnidarians. consists of a large number of nerve cells connected to each other to form a net like arrangement
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testis
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sexual reproductive structures
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ovary
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sexual reproductive structures
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bud
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asexual reproductive reproductive structures
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hyrostatic skeleton
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the simplest type of skeleton, consisting of tissue surrounding a constrained luquid. It allows water to enter the mouth and exerts pressure from within
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hydroza
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polymorphic. can have the polyp or medusa form
pg. 48 |
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Anthozoa
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exclusivley polyp. Primarily sessile.
pg. 51 sea anemones and corals |
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scyphoza
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have for the most part the medusa body form. True jellyfish
pg 50 |
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extracellular digestion
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occurs outside the cells of the body
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intracellular digestion
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occurs within the body cells
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nematocyst
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coiled thread-like tube. It will be discharged if cindoblast is touched. It will pierce whatever caused the discharge
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tentacles
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catches the food and pushes it into the mouth
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mouth
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in the center of the tentacles and these are the feeding polyps. Concave underside of the animal
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gastrovascular cavity
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has a single opening that serves to recieve food adn release indigestible material.
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cnidoblasts
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defensive food gathering structures
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ligand
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a messanger molecule that binds to a cell surface protein
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receptor protein
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located in the plasma membrane of these dendrites
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chemeoreceptor
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receptor cell responsive to chemicals
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choanocyte
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collar cells. line the central cavity ca;;ed a spngocoel
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porocyte
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a specialized cell that form the many pores in the body of a sponge and are the channel which water passes into the body of these animals
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pinacocytes
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the cells that make up the outer covering of the sponge (epithelium)
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osculum
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?
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amoebocytes
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move through the middle layer by means of amoeboid movement
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fertilization
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the fusion of two haploid gametes to form a zygote that contains the full component of chromosomes
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gametes
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a male cell and a female cell
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sexual reproduction
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involves the union of gametes. offspring not gentically identical to either parent
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asexual reproduction
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does not involve gametes. results in exact replication of parents
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taxonomy
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the classifications of organisms based on similar structural characteristics, molecular characterisitcs (genetic), and developmental characterisitcs
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Phylogeny
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explains how groups of animals are related in an evolutionary context
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taxonomic hierarchy
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Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata Class - Mammalia Order - Primata Family - Hominidae Genus - Homo Species - Sapiens |
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Pseudopodia
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this captures the food particle
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Phagocytosis
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the food is taken into the cell by a process
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contractile vacuole
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collects water from the cytoplasm, moves to the outer plasma membrane of the amoeba where it fuses with the plasma membrane and discharges the collected water to teh outside of the organism
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food vacuoles
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formed as the pseudopodia surround and then close around food particles
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Figure 3.2
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page 27
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Pseudopodia
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this captures the food particle
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Phagocytosis
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the food is taken into the cell by a process
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contractile vacuole
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collects water from the cytoplasm, moves to the outer plasma membrane of the amoeba where it fuses with the plasma membrane and discharges the collected water to teh outside of the organism
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food vacuoles
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formed as the pseudopodia surround and then close around food particles
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Figure 3.2
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page 27
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Cilia
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function in locomotion and food gathering. in plasma membrane and pellicle
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cytosome
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the "cell mouth" at the end of oral groove, through which intact food particles are passed
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oral groove
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at anterior ends. lined with cilia that carry food into and down the groove
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psuedocolomate
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animal whose body cavity is lined only with mesodermal and endodermal layers
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eucolomate
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animals whose body cavity is lined only with mesodermal tissue
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Acoelomate
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a coelom is a body cavity that lies between the gut and the body wall. In acoelomate animals the area between teh gut and body wall is solid mass or mesodermal tissue
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lateral lines
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runs the length of the animal body. the function is to rid the roundworm of excretory products
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uterus
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where the eggs are stored. Stores the eggs until they are ready to be released by the gonopore
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seminal vesicle
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the sperm is stored here until released via the gonopore
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testes
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Produce sperm
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ovaries
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Produces the eggs
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oviduct
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the canal through which the eggs are passed from the ovaries to the uterus
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Cuticle
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outer covering of the epidermis
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cephilization
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a concentration of nervous tissue that defines the anterior.
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copulatory spicule
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it is used for mating
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vagina
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the copulatory spicule enters this area in the female when copulation takes place
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pharynx
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mouth leads to this where the food is passed to the long intestine
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intestine
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nutrients are absorbed here
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anus
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undigested waste exits through this
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crop
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acts as a storage organ
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gizzard
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the crop empties into this where grinding of the food stuff takes place. Occurs in segments 17 and 18
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typhlosole
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increases the effinceny of the intestine by increasing the surface area of the intestine. the wall of the intestine is folded internally. The fold is called this
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ventral cord
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extends posteriorly from the subpharyngeal ganglia. this cord forms and enlarged ganglion that supplies all of the nerves for a single segment
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nephridia
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excretion in the earthworms takes place via this
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crop
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acts as a storage organ
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gizzard
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the crop empties into this where grinding of the food stuff takes place. Occurs in segments 17 and 18
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typhlosole
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increases the effinceny of the intestine by increasing the surface area of the intestine. the wall of the intestine is folded internally. The fold is called this
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ventral cord
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extends posteriorly from the subpharyngeal ganglia. this cord forms and enlarged ganglion that supplies all of the nerves for a single segment
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nephridia
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excretion in the earthworms takes place via this
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blood
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specialized connective tissue.consists of plasma and blood cells
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hemoglobin
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a protein that can bind to oxygen
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reb blood cell
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contains hemoglobin in animals
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dorsal vessel
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branches on either side of the esophogaus to form five pairs of modified blood vessels which are called hearts
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spectrophometer
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you measure the amount of hemoglobin in blood using this
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