Zoology

Front 1

Repeatability
Scientific Method

Back 1

Observations are repeatable

Front 2

Measurement
Scientific Method

Back 2

Can be measured repeatedly by length, duration, volume, etc...

Front 3

Self-Correction
Scientific Method

Back 3

Can be revised based on new information

Front 4

Conscilience
Scientific Method

Back 4

Produce results that are consistent with each other

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Deductive reasoning
Scientific Method

Back 5

Proceeds from the general to the specific. Used when testing a hypothesis

Front 6

Inductive reasoning
Scientific Method

Back 6

Proceeds from the specific to the the general
Used to develop the hypothesis

Front 7

Cellular organization

Back 7

Animals typically contain thousands to trillions of cells.

Front 8

Metabolism

Back 8

Extracting energy in the body

Front 9

Homeostasis

Back 9

Maintain stable, internal conditions such as, temperature, ph level, etc...

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Asexual

Back 10

Resulting in identical genetics to the offspring's parents

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Plasma Membrane

Back 11

the outer boundary of a cell

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Prokaryotic

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First cell type, lack nucleus
Found only in unicellular
Singular, circular chromosome

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Eukaryotic

Back 13

Developed from prokaryotic cells
Found in both unicellular and multicellular
Multiple, linear chromosomes

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Diffusion

Back 14

The movement of uncharged organic molecules

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Ion Diffusion

Back 15

Diffuse through specific ion channels

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Osmosis

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Diffusion of free water across the selectively permeable plasma membrane

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Active transport process
ATP

Back 17

require the cell to expand energy in the form of ATP

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Endocytosis

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Particles are engulfed by the membrane and transported into the cell

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Pinocytosis

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Liquid is engulfed instead of solid particles.

Front 20

Exocytosis

Back 20

This is the reverse of Endo/Pino. Hormones, neurotransmitters and digestive enzymes are released into the blood stream

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Cytoplasm

Back 21

The cell material inside of the plasma membrane but outside of the nucleus.

Front 22

Nucleus

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Largest organelle in the cell and holds and organism's genetic instructions in the form of DNA.

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Ribosomes

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Site of protein synthesis

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Endoplasmic Reticulum
ER

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composed of phospholipids bilayer and studded with proteins

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Rough ER

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Associated with the presence of ribosomes and protein synthesis

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Smooth ER

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Site of carbohydrate and lipid synthesis.

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Golgi Apparatus

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Site of collection, packaging and distribution of molecules that are synthesized in the ER

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Lysosomes

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Membrane-bound organelles that have a digestive function within the cell

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Mitochondria

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Site of oxidative respiration in cells

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Cytoskeleton

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cell "scaffolding" within the cytoplasm. It contributes to the cell shape

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Centrioles

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Divides and organizes spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis

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Chloroplasts

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Not present in animal cells, critical to animals because of their role in fixing carbon during the process of photosynthesis.

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Cell wall

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Not present in animal cells. Includes cellulose

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Cilia and flagella

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Outside the cell. Structures attached to the cell. Contain cytoplasm and are surrounded by Plasma membrane

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Chromatin

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A complex of DNA and proteins

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Chromatid

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One of two strands from a chromosome.

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Sister Chromatids

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Where two chromatids per chromosome are present

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Centromere

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A constricted point on a chromosome where two strands are connected.

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Kinetochore

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A region on the centromere where spindle fibers connect during during the cell division processes of mitosis and meiosis

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Homologous Chromosomes

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the maternal and paternal copies of the same chromosome

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Haploid (n)

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One complete set of Chromosomes. Half the diploid number

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Diploid (2n)

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Two complete sets of Chromosomes. Twice the haploid number

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Karyotype

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the specific array of chromosomes that an individual has

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G1

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Primary growth phase of a cell

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Synthesis
(S)

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synthesis a replica of its genome

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G2

Back 46

Preparations are made for cell division

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Mitosis
(M)

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sister chromatids of chromosomes are separated and the nuclear material is divided.

Front 48

Cytokinesis
(C)

Back 48

the remainder of the cell, the cytoplasm, divides.

Front 49

Prophase

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Chromosomes complete condensing, the spindle assembles, and the centriole organelle extends arrays of fibers called the aster

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Metaphase

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Chromosomes have aligned in the center of the cell along the metaphase plate

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Anaphase

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Chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles as spindles move apart.

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Telophase

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Chromosomes are now clustered at opposite poles and begin to decondense