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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Molecules - cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism - population - community - ecosystem - biosphere |
State the hierarchical organization of animal complexity |
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Protoplasmic Cellular Cell-Tissue Tissue-Organ Organ system |
What are the grades of organization and organismal complexity Clue: 5 grades |
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Spherical Radial Bilateral |
Types of animal symmetry |
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SPHERICAL SYMMETRY |
Animals that are part of the symmetry can be divided equally by any plane passing through the center Commonly observed in unicellular organisms |
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RADIAL SYMMETRY |
Animals with this symmetry can be divided equally by more than two planes passing through its longitudinal axis Examples: hydra, jellyfishes, sea urchins |
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RADIATA |
Organisms that are radially symmetric in mature stage Examples are Cnidaria & Cnetophora |
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BILATERAL SYMMETRY |
Organisms under this symmetry can be divided along 1 sagittal plane into 2 mirrored parts There is CEPHALIZATION under this symmetry |
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BILATERIA |
A monophyletic phyla of bilaterally symmetric animals |
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CEPHALIZATION |
Differentiation of a head This is commonly associated with bilateria |
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ANTERIOR |
HEAD-END (Planes of symmetry) |
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POSTERIOR |
TAIL-END (Planes of symmetry) |
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DORSAL |
BACK (Planes of symmetry) |
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VENTRAL |
FRONT (Planes of symmetry) |
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MEDIAL |
proximal to MIDLINE (Planes of symmetry) |
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LATERAL |
LEFT AND RIGHT DIVISION (Planes of symmetry) |
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DISTAL |
AWAY from the body (Planes of symmetry) |
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PROXIMAL |
NEAR (Planes of symmetry) |
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CORONAL PLANE |
A k a Frontal Plane, it divides the body into dorsal and ventral (Planes of symmetry) |
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SAGITTAL PLANE |
Divides the organism laterally (Planes of symmetry) |
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TRANSVERSE PLANE |
It cross-sections the body, it divides the body into anterior and posterior (Planes of symmetry) |
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PECTORAL |
CHEST and ANTERIOR appendages (Planes of symmetry) |
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PELVIC |
HIP and POSTERIOR appendages (Planes of symmetry) |
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COELOM |
-AKA body cavity -An internal space represented by gut cavity |
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BLASTOCOEL |
A fluid-filled cavity surrounded by blastula |
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GASTROCOEL |
Gut cavity resulted by gastrula the stage A k a ARCHENTERON |
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BLASTOPORE |
External opening of the depression of a gastrocoel Develops into mouth and anus |
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ENDODERM |
It is the gut lining Under germ layers |
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ECTODERM |
It is the outer layer of cells surrounding the blastocoel Under germ layers |
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MESODERM |
Third germ layer, present in well developed gut systems. Under germ layers |
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DIPLOBLASTIC |
Organisms that only develop gut cavity (endoderm) and blastocoel (ectoderm) 2 germ layers |
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TRIPLOBLASTIC |
Organisms that developed all germ layers Most organisms under this are bilaterally symmetric |
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ACOELOMATE |
Has no body cavity (Under types of body cavities) |
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PSEUDOCOELOMATE |
"False", partial gut cavity (Under types of body cavities) |
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EUCOELOMATE |
A k a coelomate Has true body cavity Its cavity is bound with mesoderm and lined with peritoneum |
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PERITONEUM |
It is a thin membrane derived from the mesoderm Present in eucoelomates |
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BLIND GUT |
-Incomplete opening -Same opening for taking in food and excreting waste |
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COMPLETE GUT |
Has separate mouth and anus |
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SEGMENTATION |
-A.k.a. metamerism -Serial repetitions of segments along longitudinal axis of metazoans |
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METAMERE |
A.k.a. somite Segment in metazoans |
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Intracellular space |
Body fluid compartments inside the cell |
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Extracellular space |
Body fluid compartments outside the cell It has two types: blood plasma and interstitial fluid |
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TISSUE |
A group of similar cells that covers external/internal surfaces |
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Simple Stratified Transitional |
Types of epithelial tissues according to layering |
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Squamous Cuboidal Columnar |
Types of epithelial tissues according to form |
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Darwin's theory of Common Descent |
This theory guides the order in animal life |
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TAXONOMY |
The science of naming and classifying organisms |
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SYSTEMATICS |
The study of variation among animal population that is used to reveal all evolutionary relationships |
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Carolus Linnaeus |
Swedish botanist that is responsible for the hierarchical system of organization in naming organisms |
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TAXA |
Group of organisms |
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CLASSIFICATION |
Construction of taxa into groups of classes, orders, families, ... according to common features |
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SYSTEMATIZATION |
Used when species represent units of common evolutionary descent |
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ESSENCE |
Common feature of a group |
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Binomial Nomenclature |
It is the Linnaean System for naming organisms It is a Latinized name composed of 2 words |
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Genus and Species |
The binomial nomenclature structure is composed of 2 taxa. What are those taxa? |
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Capitalized, lowercase |
Under binomial nomenclature, Genus is ___________ and the species epithet is written in __________. |
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POLYTYPIC |
When a species is divided into subspecies using trinomial nomenclature. |
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Common Descent Smallest Distinct Groupings Reproductive Community |
The three criteria for identifying species |
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TYPOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT |
-This concept states that species were identified by fixed, defined, essential features (typically morphological features) -A k a morphological species concept -assigning a type specimen as a basis for the ideal form of an organism |
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Biological Species Concept |
-Formulated by T. Dobzhansky and E. Mayr -specifies on the reproductive properties of populations. |
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Sibling Species |
A k a cryptic species Too similar in morphology to be diagnosed as separate species by morphological characteristics alone |
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Phylogenetic Species Concept |
this concept tells us that there is an inducible or basal grouping of organisms diagnosibly distinct from other groupings and within there is a parental ancestry and descent |
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Evolutionary Species Concept |
This species concept adds evolutionary time dimension to the biological species concept to address the connection of fossil specimens to biological species present today Proponent: George Gaylord Simpson |
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Cohesion Species Concept |
This species concept tells that population of a species evolved as a genetically cohesive unit by natural selection and genetic drift Proponent: Allan Templeton |
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General Lineage Species Concept |
The concept emphasizes on the common goal of identifying the phylogenetic history of population-level lineages in detail Proponent: Kevin De Quieroz |
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DNA Barcoding |
This is a technique in identifying organisms to species using sequence information from a standard gene present in all animals |
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Mitochondrial Gene or COI |
This gene is the standard "barcode" region for animals |
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Cytochrome c oxydase subunit 1 |
COI, or simply mitochondrial gene, stands for... |
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SYSTEMATICS |
The major goal of ________ is to infer the evolutionary tree (phylogeny) that relates all extant and extinct species. |
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Characters |
These are identifying organismal features |
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Homology |
Character sharing that resulted from common ancestry |
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Homoplasy |
A.k.a. non-homologous similarity Character similarity that misrepresents common descent |
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ANCESTRAL CHARACTER STATE |
Character state that is present in the most recent common ancestor of the taxa |
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DERIVED CHARACTER STATE |
Contrasting character states that arose later within the group because of evolution |
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POLARITY |
___________ identifies which contrasting states are ancestral and which are derived |
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Outgroup Comparison |
This is a method used to examine polarity |
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OUTGROUP |
Additional group of organisms that is phylogenetically close but not within the taxon studied |
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Ingroup |
Organisms that are within the taxon studied |
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B. Derived |
All in group characters that are absent from appropriate outgroups are considered ______. a. Ancestral b. Derived |
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Clade |
Fundamental unit of phylogenetic groupings of species |
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Synapomorphy |
A derived character shared within all members of a clade |
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Nested Hierarchy |
The derived states of all characters within a group forms a pattern called... |
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Plesiomorphy |
Character states that are ancestral for the taxon |
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Symplesiomorphy |
The sharing of ancestral character states among species |
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Cladogram |
This is a nested hierarchy of clades presented as a branching diagram |
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Phylogenetic tree |
A cladogram but with additional important information about ancestors, the duration of evolutionary lineages, or the amounts of evolutionary change that occurred within the lineages |
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Comparative Morphology Comparative Biochemistry Comparative Cytology |
We find characters that are useful for constructing cladograms in ______ _______, _______ ______, & ________ _______. |
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Comparative morphology |
This examines varying shapes and sizes of organismal structures including their developmental origins or embryology |
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Comparative biochemistry |
This uses sequence of amino acids in proteins and the sequences of nucleotides in nucleic acids to identify variable characters for constructing a cladogram |
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Comparative cytology |
This examines the variation of numbers, shapes, and sizes of chromosomes to obtain variable characters in constructing a cladogram |
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COSMOPOLITAN; ENDEMIC |
Species with very large or worldwide geographic distributions are called _______.
Whereas those with restricted distributions are called ________. |
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Monophyly |
This includes the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants |
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CLASSIFICATION |
Historically, taxonomy evolved into grouping organisms based on their common feature (essence) in a process called _________. |
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Paraphyly |
This includes the most recent ancestor all members of the group and some, but not all |
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Systematization |
A process in modern taxonomy where organisms are grouped according to their common evolutionary descent |
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Polyphyly |
Does not contain the most common recent ancestor of all the members of the group |
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Authority; After |
When a new species is formally described, a person known as the ________ publishes the name of the species and a description of the type specimen. This person's name and the date of publication are often written _______ the species name. |
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Convex |
Monophyletic and paraphyletic groups are _______, because one can trace a path from a member of the group to another member without leaving the group |
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False
Because the phylogenetic species concept recognizes the smallest groupings of organisms that have undergone independent evolutionary change to be distinct species |
T/F: Two populations of organisms have been geographicaly separated for millenia and have undergone independent evolutionary change, but interbreeding can occur when they come into contact with one another and the offspring produced are viable. These two populations would be considered members of the same species according to the phylogenetic species concept. |
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Evolutionary taxonomy |
-This retains the basic structure of Linnaean taxonomy -Species are grouped in nested hierarchies of increasingly more inclusive higher taxa - highly influenced by G.G. Simpson and E. Mayr |
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Space, Time |
All species have distributions through _____, its geographic range, and a distribution through its _______, evoutionary duration. |
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Adaptive zone |
-Basis in considering an evolutionary tree branch as a higher taxa -It is a change in organism a structure and behavior, and the adaptation of species to the environment |
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Mesoderm |
In deuterostomes, the ______ forms as cells from the central portion of the gut lining grow outward, forming pouches that expand into the blastocoel |
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GRADE |
A taxon that constitutes to the distinctive adaptive zone |
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D. Uniformity of animal organization |
The basic cellular structure of animal cells refects their common ancestry and is partly responsible for: |
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Phenetic Taxonomy |
This sought to group species into higher taxa according to the quantitative measurements of overall similarity, without regard to phylogeny |
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PROXIMAL |
The _______ end of an insect is nearer to the middle of the body. |
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Cladistics |
A.k.a. phylogenetic systematics or Hennigan systematics - emphasizes on common descent and is based on a cladogram of the group being classified. - all are monophyletic |
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CELLULAR GRADE |
The metazoans exhibit which hierarchical grade of structural organization? |
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Sister groups |
Two different monophyletic taxa that share common ancestry with each other compared to other taxa |
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Surface, Volume |
Consider the surface and volume of an animal. As an animal becomes larger, its body ________ area increases much slower than its body ______. |
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Principles of Cladistics |
This replaces paraphyletic groups with monophyletic subgroups |
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Fibroblasts |
In the loose connective tissue of animals, fibers and ground substance are synthesized by cells called ______ |
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PhyloCode |
-It is developed to replace Linnaean taxonomy -Aims to replace Linnaean ranks with codes that denotes nested hierarchy of monophyletic groups conveyed by a cladogram |
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D. It has no external opening |
The blastocoel can not form the gut because... |
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Nodes |
Branch points on a phylogenetic tree |
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Ground substance Cells Extracellular Fibers |
State the three components that all connective tissues possess |
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Parsimony Principle |
This principle tells us that the best hypothesis is the one that requires the least evolutionary changes |
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Protoplasmic grade |
The simplest grade of structural organization is the... |
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Domains |
Three monophyletic groups that is above kingdom level By Whoose, Kandler, and Wheelis (1990) |
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C (complexity and function) and D (mobility) |
Which are advantages of segmenation? |
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Eucarya, Bacteria, Archaea |
Three domains of life |
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STROMA |
The tissues that perform supporting roles in an organ other than its prime function are known as... |
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Eucarya |
Domain that includes all eukaryotes |
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LATERAL |
One end of the clavicle articulates with the sternum, while the other end forms part of the shoulder joint. The end that forms part of the shoulder is the _____ end |
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Bacteria |
Domain that includes all true bacteria |
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Mesenteries |
In a coelomate animal, organs are suspended in the coelom by mesodermal ________. |
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Archaea |
Domain that includes prokaryotes different from bacteria in membrane structure and ribosomal DNA |
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D. Become embedded in an extracellular matrix |
In a sponge, cells of the blastula... A. organize into the tissues of the adult. B. develop into the gastrula. C. give rise to three embryonic tissue layers. D. become embedded in an extracellular matrix. |
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34 |
There are currently ___ recognized animal phyla |
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PARENCHYMA CELLS |
The cells that are primarily responsible for allowing an organ to perform its function are known as... |
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Taxon Bilateria |
-Taxon that includes all bilaterally symmetrical organisms -Split into 2 taxa: Deuterostomia and Protosomia All phyla except porifera, cnidaria, placozoa, cnetophora |
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Protostomia |
A subtaxon in taxon bilateria where in the mouth develops first |
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Deuterostomia |
-Subtaxon in taxon bilateria where the anus develops first. - this includes chordata, echinodermata, hemichordata, xenoturbellida |
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PERITONEUM |
A thin membrane that lines the gut that is derived from mesoderm |
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Connective Tissues |
a diverse group of tissues that serve various binding and supportive functions |
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Loose and Dense |
Two kinds of connective tissue that occur in vertebrates |
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Loose connective tissue |
AKA areolar connective tissue -the "packing material" of the body that anchors blood vessels, nerves, and body organs. |
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Collagen Fibers Elastic Fibers |
Two types of fibers in Loose connective tissues |
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DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE |
This type of connective tissue forms tendons, ligaments, and fasciae, the latter arranged as sheets or bands of tissue surrounding skeletal muscle. |
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Blood Lymph (vascular tissue) Adipose tissue (fat) Cartilage Bone |
Other types of specialized connective tissue include... (clue: 5) |
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Vascular Tissue/ Lymph |
This type of specialized connective tissue is composed of distinctive cells in a fluid ground substance, the plasma. |
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CARTILAGE |
a semirigid form of connective tissue composed of a firm matrix containing cells (chondrocytes) located in pockets called lacunae, and collagen and/or elastic fibers. |
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Hyaline Cartilage |
Most common type of cartilage |
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Chondrocytes |
What do you call cartilage cells |
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Osteocytes |
Bone cells |
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BONE |
the strongest of vertebrate connective tissues, composed of a calcified matrix containing salts organized around collagenfibers |
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Muscle fibers |
Muscular tissue unit specialized for contractions |
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Striated Muscle Tissue |
Type of muscular tissue that appears transversely striped under a microscope. Has two types: Skeletal and Cardiac |
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Skeletal muscle |
Type of striated muscle composed of extremely long, cylindrical fibers, which are multinucleate cells that may reach from one end of the whole muscle to the other, it is voluntary Found in both vertebrates and invertebrates. |
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Cardiac Muscle |
Type of striated muscle that is uninucleated, branching network of fibers with intercalated disks, involuntary and can be only found in vertebrates. |
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Obliquely Striated Muscle |
Third type of striated muscular tissue that is found in invertebrates |
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Smooth Muscle |
AKA Visceral muscle Long, tapering, uninucleated, involuntary. Non-striated! |
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Sacroplasm |
Term for cytoplasm of muscle cells |
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Myofibrils |
These are contractile proteins with in muscle fibers |
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NERVOUS TISSUE |
Type of tissue specialized for reception of stimuli and conduction of impulses from one region to another. |
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Neurons Neuroglia |
Two types of nervous tissue |
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Neurons |
the basic functional unit of nervous systems |
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Neuroglia |
a nonneuronal cell type that insulates neuron membranes and serves various supportive functions |
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SOMA |
The body of a neuron is called... |
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Dendrites |
Part of neuron that receive electrical signals from receptors or other nerve cells |
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Axon |
AKA Nerve Fiber Part of neuron that carries signals away from the soma to other nerve cells or to an effector organ |
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Myelin sheath |
Insulates the axon for faster transmission of signals |
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Synapse |
The space between neurons that allow transmission of signals through the dendrites and axon |
