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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A/S - Surgical Procedures
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A/S - surgical procedures
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Wht does OHE stand for? Common name?
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Ovariohysterecomy, spay
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What are some non-elective reasons for OHE?
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pyometra, uterine/ovarian/mammary cancer
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What are some elective reasons for OHE?
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prevent heat cycles, decr risk for mammary tumors, no risk of pyometra & uterine cancer, fewer behavioral problems, no risk of pregnanacy, term of pregnancy
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What are some contraindications for OHE?
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breeding animal, too young, anesthetic risk, late pregnancy
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At what age is a OHE done?
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before 1st heat cycle, ~5mos in cats, ~6mos in dogs, really being done earlier - 8 weeks
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How is OHE done?
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Incision through linea alba, one ovary pulled out w/ spay hook and removed, other ovary removed, uterus excised and removed, check for bleeding, put everything back, check again for bleeding, close
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What are some possible complications w/ OHE?
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abdominal hemorrhage (ligature slips off), Von Willebrand's Dz (clotting disorder), bladderr irritation, peritonitis, infection, dehiscence
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Client instructions for OHE
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restrict activity for @ least 48hrs, sututre removal in 7-14 days, check incision daily, +/- analgesics, don't bathe animal until sutures are removed
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Indications for c-section?
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dystocia, can't deliver normally (lg fetus, sm pelvis), fx pelvis, uterine inertia, certain breeds
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Describbe c-section procedure
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ventral midline incision, exteriorize the uterus, cut along one horn, remove babies w/ babies one at a time, close uterus, +/- spay, routine closure
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What drug may be injected during a c-section to shrink uterus and reduce bleeding
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Oxytocin
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What are some important things re: anesthesia during a c-section?
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be quick and organized, doseage at animals pre-preg wt, Ketamine does not cause resp depression, atropine can thicken mucous in neonates
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What are some steps for neonatal care?
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Rub w/ towel to dry and stimulate resp, reverse narcotic w/ nalaxone if needed, aspirate mouth, keep warm, use er drugs as needed, check & tie umbilicus, check neonates for abnormalities, place w/ mom asap
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When are c-secion sutures removed?
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7-14 days
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What are some possible c-section complications?
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infection, pups chewing on sutures, resp depression
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What are some c-section client instructions?
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watch pups closely for adequate nursing & growth, watch mom for care of pups, abnormal discharge, depression
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What is pyometra?
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pus in the uterus
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What are some signs of a pyometra?
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anorexia, lethargy, pu/pd, vomitting, +/- discharge
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What is a closed v. open pyometra?
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Closed - cervix closed and pus accumulates in uterus
Open - cervix is open and pus can drain |
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___ is a toxic, emergency situation. If the uterus ruptures, the condition is often fatal.
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pyometra
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Tx of pyometra?
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fluids, ABs, supportive care, lt anesthesia w/ safest protocol avail, wide surgical clip & prep, OHE, close monitoring before, during, & after
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A medical tx for open pyometra is avail (___), but ___ is tx of choice
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prostaglandin, OHE
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What are 2 other terms for castration procedure?
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neuter, orchiectomy
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What are some indications for castration?
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prevent breeding, decrease undesirable male behavior, prev testicular dz & some forms of prostatic dz,
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At what age is castration done?
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usually 6-9 mos, but can be as young as 6-8 weeks
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What are two types of castration?
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Closed - ligate around vaginal tunic
Open - cord & vessels separated and ligated individually |
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What are some comlications of castration?
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licking, tearing out sutures, infecitons, clipper burn
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Why is castration highly recommended for pt that is cryptorchid?
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retained testicle(s) have incr risk of testicular cancer & this is a heritable trait
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What is unique about a feline v. canine castration?
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hair is plucked off scrotum rather than shaved, and there is no closure
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What are some castration complications?
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scrotal bleeding, swelling, infection
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What should you chane in the cat box after a feline castration
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shredded paper for 5-7 days
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What is the technical name for a declaw?
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onychectomy
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At what age are cats declawed?
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ideally 3-6 months
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How is an onychectomy done?
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tourniquet proximal to elbow, P3 removed w/ Roscoe trimmer/scalpel/laser, close w/ sutures or adhesive, +/- bandages
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What are some complications of an onychectomy?
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neuritis from tourniquet, pain, bleeding , infection, nail regrowth, abnormal stance on feet
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Client instructions for onychectomy
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shreeded paper/yesterday's News in box for 5-7 days, keep from jumping from high places
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WHat is a cosmetic otoplasty?
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Ear cropping
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At what age are ears cropped?
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depends on breed - 8wks - 6 mos
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How long are ears bandaged after a crop?
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Can be up to 20 weeks
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What is a caudectomy?
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tail docking
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What are three reasons for a caudectomy?
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cosmetic, trauma, neoplasia
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At what age is a cosmetic caudectomy done?
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1-5 days
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What is the pre-op prep for a cosmetic caudectomy?
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no prep, no anesthesia
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What are two indications for declaw removal?
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cosmetic, prevent trauma
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HOw old are puppies when dewclaws are removed? Anesthesia?
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1-5 days, no anesthetic
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What is an indication for feline perineal urethrostomy (PU)?
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recurrent urethral obstruction in MALE cats
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What are two indications for anal gland ablation?
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recurrent anal gland impactions/infections, routinely done in ferret descenting
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What are two complications w/ anal gland ablation?
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infection, fecal incontinence
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What is an abcess?
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a localized collection of pus (neutrophils) & bacteria in a fibrous capsule
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What can cause an abscess?
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puncture introduces bacteria into SC or deeper tissue - bites (most common), foreign body, injection
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What are some clinical signs of an abscess?
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local imflammation, fever, depression, dehydration
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What is important about a drain site?
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Needs to stay open and clean
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In which direction does a drain need to point?
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ventrally
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What are some drain comlications?
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premature removal by animal, recurrence of abscess, sepsis
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When are drains removed?
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in 2-5 days
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Generally, when are sutures usually removed?
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7-14 days
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What is an aural hematoma?
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hemorrhage in the pinna forms a sanguinous seroma, usually uncomfortable
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What is goal of aural hematoma surg?
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drain seroma, have ear layers heal together, prevent recurrence
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What kind of sutures are placed on ear in aural hematoma surg?
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through and through
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What are some complications of aural hematoma surg?
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infection, recurrence, scarring of pinna (cauliflower ear)
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Whan are sutures removed from an aural hematoma surg?
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3-4 WEEKS
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Iftumor is malignant, what besides the tumor will be removed?
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wide margin of surrounding tissue if possible
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What are some common tumors seen in SA practice (6)?
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mammary, lipoma (benign fat cells), mastcell, squamous cell carcinoma, thyroid adenoma, perianal gland adenoma
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In what kind of pt is mammary neoplasia usually seen?
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older, intact dogs/cats or animals spayed later in life
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What is the malignancy rate of mammary neoplasia?
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50% in dogs, 90% in cats
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What are some surgial options for tx of mammary neoplasia?
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lumpectomy, partial mastectomy, radical mastectomy +/- removal of lymph nodes
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What is tissue fixed in for histopathy?
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formalin (9 parts formalin, 1 part tissue)
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What are some f/u therapies for mammary neoplasia surgery?
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radiation, chemotherapy
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In what pt do lipomas usually occur?
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older, overweight animals
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What is a lipoma?
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benign (usually) fat cell tumor - SC, soft moveable masses
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What is unique about the appearance of a lipoma aspiration on a slide?
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looks like corn oil - doesn't dry
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Are lipomas benign?
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usually but a malignant form does exist but it is uncommon - occurs on limbs
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Surgical removal of a lipoma is pallative or curative?
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curative
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Mast cell tumors are, by definition, ___.
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malignant
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Mast cell tumors are braded _, _, or _ based on their likelihood to metasasize w/ _ being most likley.
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I, II, or III
III most likley to metastasize |
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What should you never do to a mast cell tumor? Why?
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NEVER squeeze or press on - will release histimine from the granules & cause swelling * increased bleeding during surgery
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What solution should be used to scrub area for an ophthalmic suregery? Why
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Dilute betadine solution or saline - others may damage eye
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What is nictating membrane flap placement?
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pulling up the 3rd eyelid to cover the corneal surface
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What are some indications for nictating membrane flap placement?
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corneal ulcers, proptosis
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Describe the 3rd eyelid flap placement procedure
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horizontal mattress suture placed through 3rd eyelid and upperlid, usually using a quill to reduce pressure
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What is a conjuntival membrane flap? indications?
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pulling the conjunctiva over part of the cornea - often for severe corneal ulcers
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What is prolapsed gland of 3rd eyelid more commonly known as?
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Cherry eye
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What is entropion?
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eyelid rolls inward
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What is ectropion?
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lid rolls outward
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What is Distichiasis?
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abnormal eyelashes - need o remove w/ electrolysis or cryosurgery
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What is enucleation?
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removal of eyeball
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What are some indications of enucleation?
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glaucoma, trauma, neoplasia, refractory infections
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What is proptosis?
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protusion of eye globe from the orbit w/ associated muscle and nerve damage
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What is tarsorrhapy?
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suturing the eyelids shut
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define suffix otomy
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to open/cut into
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define suffix ectomy
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to remove
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define suffix resection
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to remove (partial)
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define suffix anastomosis
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toreattach free ends
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define suffix stenosis
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a narrowing or stricture of a canal or lumen
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In GI surgeries, fingers may be used rather than Doyens to retract tissue - why?
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Fingers are less traumatic
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During surgery, intestines and other organs need to stay ___. What is used to do so?
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moist
sterile saline |
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It is important to remember that intestinal lumen contents are not ___. Anything that contacts these areas is ___. Surgeon will need a second set of instruments to close.
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not sterile
contaminated |
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Any non-food item that is ingested is a ___.
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foreign body
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Removal of foreign bodies is one of the most common surgeries on a ferret; they especially like to eat ___.
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rubber objects
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Cats often have ___ foreign bodies such as string, yarn, ribbon.
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linear
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What is resection and anastomosis?
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partial removal of a part (intestines) and then suturing the remaining ends together
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What is GDV? How serious is it?
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Gastric Dilation and Volvulus (bloat) - it is a life threatening emergency
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What is the surgical tx for GDV?
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untwist (+/- removal of damaged parts) stomach and spleen and fixing stomach to body wall
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Why are feeding tubes placed?
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pt will not or cannnot eat
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What is intervertebral disk dz?
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Weakness inthe outer capsule of the disk leads to bulging or rupturea d subsequent pressure on the spinal cord
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In what breed is intervertebral disk dz common?
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beagles, bassets, dachsunds, cockers
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What is the surgical tx for intervertebral disk dz?
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dorsal laminectomy or hemilaminectomy, +/- fenestration of adjacent disks
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What is luxation?
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a dislocation of a joint
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What is subluxation?
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partial dislocation of a joint
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What is an articular fx?
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fx through a joint
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What is an open fx?
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fx which penetrates the skin
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What is a comminuted fx?
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3 or more fx lines which interconnect
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What is an epiphyseal (psalter) fx?
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Fx line that involeves a growth plate
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What is a greenstick fx?
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incomplete fx
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What is a transverse fx?
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fx line is perpendicular to the long axis os bone
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What is an oblique fx?
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fx line is at an angle to the long axis of the bone
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What is a spiral fx?
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fx line spirals up bone shaft
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What is a multiple fx?
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3 or more fx lines that do not interconnect
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What is an impacted fx?
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fx due to compressive forces
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What is an avulsion fx?
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fx at point whew ligament or tendon attach to bone
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What is a stable fx?
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fx that does not displace under force (transverse)
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What is an unstable fx?
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fx that displaces easily under force (oblique)
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What are three external fixation devices?
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Kirschner apparatus, cast, splint
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What are six internal fixation devices?
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intramedullary pins, Rush pins, k-wire, plates, screws, cerclage wire
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What is osteomyelitis?
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infection of bone and marrow cavity
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What is a callus?
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a collar of new bone which bridges the fx to repair the fx - formed by periosteum
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What is cancellous bone?
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soft, lattice-like bone at ends of long bones, used for grafting
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What is cortical bone?
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compact, hard bone which makes up the shaft of the bone
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What are the terms that refer to separation or change inthe relationship of the areticular surfaces of bones?
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luxation or dislocation
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What is an acute luxation?
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result of direct or indirect force of recent occurence
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What is a chronic or recurrent luxation?
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long standing luxation or recurrence following a reduction, due to degeneration of restraining structures of the joint
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What kind of joints are most often involved in luxations?
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synovial, vertebral
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What is a reduction?
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The correction of a fx, dislocation, or hernia
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What is tx for a dislocation?
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traction & counter-traction, fixation, surgical repair if other methods fail
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