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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Critical perspective on crime |
refers to the group of theories that begins with the assumption that structures of power and oppression are the sources of crime (race, class, gender) |
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Lermert's transition to secondary deviance |
primary deviation > social penalties > further primary deviance > stronger penalties and rejection > further deviance >crisis reached in tolerance; stigmatized > strengthening of the deviant conduct as reaction to stigmatizing > ultimate acceptance of deviant status |
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Retrospective interpretation |
once a persons deviance is discovered we reinterpret all of his past actions in light of new info |
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Liberal conflict theory |
-the rules governing a cultural group as conduct norms -criminalization of weaker groups -values conflicts that are perceived as threatening to those in authority will lead to the less powerful groups being identified as criminal |
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Radical conflict theory |
-capitalism is the root cause of crime -young people are forced into economic dependency; marginalized |
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Differential reinforcement |
actual commission of a crime depends on actual and anticipated rewards and punishments |
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Differential association-reinforcment theory |
-social learning theory -differential association -definitions -differential reinforcement -imitation |
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Self-derogation theory (social control and social learning) |
focuses on self-esteem and combines elements of social learning theory, control theory, strain theory, and labelling theory; motivated to maximize self-esteem |
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Integrated theory |
-integrates strain, social bonding, and social learning theory -anomie combined with social disorganization and inadequate socialization sets the stage for weak bonds with weak social institutions |
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Interactional theory |
-relationships between delinquent behaviour and other variables are not unified but bidirectional -bonds themselves are not enough to produce delinquency; has to be learned and reinforced |
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Interactional theory differs from other integrated models in 3 ways: |
-variation in bonds is systematically related to structural variables -does not assume that causal models are stable over life course; causal influences at different times -does not assume that causal influences are unidirectional |
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Four principles of differential oppression |
-adults emphasize order in the home/school and children are forced to abide -adults perceptions establish children as inferior, subordinate, and trouble makers -the imposition of adults conceptions of order on children often becomes extreme to the point of oppression -when coercion and force become abuse/neglect children generalize the abuse of authority to other adults |
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Children adapt to oppression in four ways |
-passive acceptance -exercise of illegitimate, coercive power -manipulation of peers -retaliation |
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Lifecourse theory |
-children undergo a succession of role and status changes as they grow older -transitions and pathways/trajectories |
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Chivalry hypothesis |
women's lesser likelihood than men to be caught and processed; men victimized by women are unlikely to report an men in the justice system are reluctant to prosecute women |
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Two important issues from feminine discourse |
-the generalizability problem which concerns whether theories based on the crimes of men applies to women -the gender ration problem which concerns the ability of existing theories to explain gender differences in crime |
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Power control theory |
attempts to explain class and gender differences in delinquency by the structure of family relations, whether egalitarian or patriarchal |
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Girls pressure to care in three ways |
-learn to be the major and primary providers of love and nurture -learn to restrict caring for themselves to looking nice and being nice; don't make a fuss -learn to make a boyfriend primary object of caring |
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Postmodernism perspective |
-rejects disciplinary boundaries -truth is contingent an socially constructed -deconstruct the meanings and social processes associated with crime and justice systems |
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Deconstruction |
a method of interpreting texts, movies, tv, and other cultural symbols and practices |
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Semiotics |
the study of signs and symbols |
