Youth Justice

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Public Issues

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Matters of public concern that are debated in a variety of forums and usually involve demands for action

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Discourse

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How things are talked about and understood, both oraly and in written form, including formal talk, professional talk

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Politics of youth crime

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The ways in which youth crime is understood and talked about, both formally and informally, and the laws and policies that derive from this discourse

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Juvenile Justice system

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A system of laws, policies, and practices designed under the guiding philosophy that children and youth, because of their age and maturity, should not be subject to criminal law in the same manner as adults

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Youth advocate

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Focus is on the problems faced by young people

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Law and order group

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Focus is on how youth criminals are portrayed as an "enemy" of society

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Problematize

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A process whereby something, someone, or some group is defined as a problem

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Penitentiary

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a 19th century term for prisons based on a philosophy of penitence and punishment to atone for wrongs

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Primary data

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Research information gather directly from the original source

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Secondary data

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Research information or data that was originally collected for another purpose

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Rehabilitative Philosophy

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A belief that the right treatment can change a person's attitudes, values, and/or beliefs

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Juvenile Delinquents

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A concept popularized in the Victorian era, referring to children and youth who were considered problematic for a variety of reason

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Reformatories

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a 19th century term for juvenile prisons that were based on a belief in the ability of prisons to reform or change an individual

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Official crime

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Offender and offence data based on information collected for administrative purposes by justice agencies, such as the police, courts, and correctional institutions

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Structural

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Refers to how something is odered and organized, how its parts relate and connect to each other and to the whole

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Demographic

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The basic or vital statistics of a group, usually factors such as age, sex, ethnicity, and marital status

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Denied Adulthood

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Refers to the notion that youth, because of their legal dependency in Western society, are prevented from attaining the things that many adults take for granted

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Marginalized

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A condition in which people are excluded from mainstream society

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Moral Panic

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Refers to situations where people, groups, circumstances, or events are defined and perceived to be a threat to security and public order

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Decontextualize

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Remove something from its context

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Penal Populism

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A situation where politicians propose or develop criminal justice policy that reflects public sentiment as presented through the media, rather than actual criminal activity or a policy of effectiveness

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Result of New Urbanization

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Poor children on the streets and new crime committed by youth

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Child-saving

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Leads to the creation of a separate system of justice

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Welfare-based Juvenile Justice

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Focus is on rehabilitation of the youth offender

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Paren Patriae

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A doctrine that gives the state the right to act as a "parent" or guardian of the youth offender

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Age of Delinquency

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Set by province

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Child Advocates

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Saw the JDA as potentially abusive of the rights of children and their parents

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Conservative critics

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Saw the JDA as not tough enough on youth crime

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Police

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Saw problems with the administration of the JDA

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Children's aid societies

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Problems in how to best accomplish the goals of the JDA

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Politicians

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Concerns over lack of lawyer representation, high level of discretionary powers of probation officers, and lack of right to trial

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Status Offence

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Acts that are criminal only due to the age of the offender

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Justice model

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Focus is on the rule of law

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Modified-justice model

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Not a strict adherent to pure justice

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Crime control model

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Redistributive in its approach to justice

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Restorative justice

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Repairing the harm done to victims and communities

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Reparation

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Making amends

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Reintegration

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Ensuring youth is successfully involved in her/his community after debt paid to society

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Cycle of juvenile justice

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Refers to the tendency of a never-ending cycle of juvenile justice reform common in Western society

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The media

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Fuels moral panics

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Aggregated

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Stats on crime and other social behaviour are deemed aggregated when they are grouped into categories that make it impossible to math individuals on other characteristics

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Crime index

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A stats CAN organization scheme for classifying police crime stats as property, violent, and "other" index crimes

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Crime Severity Index

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Adds weighting to offence based on average court sentence

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Administrative Charges

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Charges laid for behaviours that are not generally considered to be criminal (failure to appear in court)

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Self-report Survey

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A criminology questionnaire survey in which individuals are asked to report on their involvement in criminal or delinquent activities

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Clearance rates

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Outline whether criminal incidents are processed as charged offences, property and personal offences differ in reporting and clearance rates

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Administrative offences

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Include such cases as failing to appear in court or failing to comply with bail conditions

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Empirical

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An adjective describing knowledge that is based on observation, experience, or experiment rather than on theory or philosophy

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Violent Crime Debate

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Most youth crime is non-violent; cases of violent crime are rare for youth and yet we still ask the question "is youth crime a problem"

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Zero-tolerance Policies

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Policies related to sanctions for violating conduct rules

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Validity

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How well you are measuring what you propose to measure

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Reliability

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The extent to which research results can be replicated in other studies

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Lying about crime

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People can lie about involvement in crime and degrees of victimization

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Recalling crime

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Subjects may not properly recall victimization or involvement inc rime

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Telescoping

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When people have problems with the time line of victimization

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

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Official statistics may contribute to the crime problem

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Uniform Crime Report

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Are collected by the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (CCJS)

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Racialize/Racialized

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A concept that allows an understanding of racism that goes beyond overt expressions and discriminatory actions of individuals

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Ethnographic method

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A research method that involves richly detailed descriptions classifications of a group of people or behaviours

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Longitudinal study

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A research method in which data on a group of people are collected over a number of time periods, rather than at only one point in their lives

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Race

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A socially constructed category based on beliefs about biological differences between groups of people that have no basis in scientific evidence

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Ethnicity

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A person's group of origin, where origin is usually thought of in terms of ancestral location and/or elements of culture

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Socio-economic status

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Similar to social class, but specifically refers to a person's social standing or position in terms of education, occupation, and income

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Gender

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The socially constructed aspects of a person's biological sex

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Birth Cohorts

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A group of people born in the same time period

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Remedial Solutions

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Programs designed to help overcome a weakness, as opposed to correct a problem

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Cycle of violence

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The theory that when children witness or experience violence, they are more likely to experience or initiate violence as they get older

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Polyvictimization

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Refers to children who have experienced a number of victimizations and who exhibit traumatic symptomology

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Research

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A systematic process of information gathering analysis, and reporting of findings

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Postmodernists

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Those who reject or challenge all that has been considered to be modern

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Positivist

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An 18th century philosophical, theoretical, and methodological perspective positing that only that which is observable through the scientific method is knowable

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Concept

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A general or abstract term that refers to a class or group of more specific terms

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Fact

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In everyday terms, a fact is usually something that is considered to be true

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Classical school of criminology

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The school of thought that assumes that people are rational, intelligent beings who exercise free will in choosing criminal behaviour

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Eugenic

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A branch of science based on a belief in genetic differences between groups that result in superior and inferior strains of people

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Behaviourism

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A branch of psychology based on a set of behavioural principles first developed by B.F. Skinner

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Cognitive

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Having to do with mental processes and ho we develop knowledge about and understanding of ourselves and the world around us

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Development theory

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Focuses in states of development and posits inadequate development or failure to progress to higher states in explaining criminal and delinquent behaviour

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Antisocial Personality Theory

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Psychological classification of people with traits of impulsivity, insensitivity to their own pain or the pain of theirs, and lack of guilt or remorse

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Human Ecology

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A branch of behavioural science that examines that relationship between people and their physical environment

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Anomie

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A term coined by Emile Durkheim, referring to a state of "normalessness" or one with no rules

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Strain theory

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A group of theories that argue in a variety of ways that blocked opportunities are a cause of problem behaviours

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Delinquent subculture

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A concept used in early criminology theory to explain youth crime

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Consensus Theory

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Refers to a group of theories based on a fundamental assumption that people are essentially law-abiding

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Control Theory

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Refers to a group of theories premised on an assumption that people will operate on the basis of self-interest unless constrained

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Social Bond

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The social ties that hold people together, that cause people to care about each other

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Critical Perspective on Crime

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Refers to the group of theories that begins with the assumption that structure of power and oppression are the source of crime

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Social order

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Refers to assumptions about society as being free of disorder

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Power

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The ability of a person or group to force other to do what they wish

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Criminal Event

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An event involving the convergence of a motivated offender, a suitable target or targets, and the absence of controls

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Social learning theory

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Attempts to explain crime and delinquency through notions of imitation and modelling

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Interactional theory

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Posits that relationships between delinquent behaviour and other variables are not unidirectional, but rather are bidirectional

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Oppression

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The negative outcome experienced by people due to physical force by an oppressor or structural arrangements that remove or restrict their rights

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Lifecourse theory

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The theory that children undergo a succession of role and status changes as they grow older

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Social capital theory

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the theory that people posses varying degrees of useful and valuable social goods

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Social capital

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Investments in institutional relationships, such as family, work, and school

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Lifecourse-persistent

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Type of offender who begins with childhood biting and hitting at around age 4, and whose behaviour escalates and continues to such adulthood offences as violent assault

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Adolescence-limited

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type of offender who does not have a childhood history of antisocial behaviour, but engages in this behaviour only in adolescence, and only when it is rewarding or profitable

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Role theory

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Attempts to explain criminal behaviour by understanding the processes whereby individuals acquire and become committed to deviant roles

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Androgynous

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Describes terms that are assumed to refer to both males and females

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power-control theory

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Attempts to explain class and gender differences in delinquency by the structure of family relations

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Patriarchy

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A set of structural relations that creates, reinforces and perpetuates