Wwii

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The Reich Commissariat for the Strengthening of Germandom

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The expulsions of Poles were conducted by two German organisations. held by SS leader Heinrich Himmler.

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Havaara Transfer Agreement

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The agreement was designed to help facilitate the emigration of German Jews to Palestine. Jews who migrated to Palestine were able to keep much of their wealth.

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Tiergarten 4 program

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Organized killing of handicapped children. Used lethal injection, drug overdose, and exhaust gas.

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Nuremburg Laws

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antisemitic laws in Nazi Germany. classified people with four German grandparents as "German or kindred blood", while people were classified as Jews if they descended from three or four Jewish grandparents. Forbade non-Aryans from marrying Aryans

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Law for the protection of german blood and German Honor

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the first law of the Nuremberg laws. prohibited marriages and extramarital intercourse between "Jews" (the name was now officially used in place of "non-Aryans") and "Germans" and also the employment of "German" females under forty-five in Jewish households

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Law for the prevention of hereditarily Diseased Offspring

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Forced sterilization. Were not mentally handicapped but uneducated.

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Paragraph 175 of the criminal code

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Allowed accusations of people being gay without proof. They were sent to concentration camps.

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General Government

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area of Second Republic of Poland under Nazi German rule during World War II. The government and administration of the ? was composed entirely of Germans, with the intent that the area was eventually to become an ethnic German province. 1939

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Einsatzgruppen

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(SS) paramilitary death squads responsible for mass killngs

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Georg von schonerer

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Austrian politician. Anti-semitism. founded the Away from Rome! which advocated the conversion of all Roman Catholic German speakers of Austria to Lutheran Protestantism, or, in some cases, to the Old Catholic Churches. His career crumbled rapidly thereafter, however, due to his forceful views and personality. His party suffered as well, and had virtually disintegrated by 1907. But his views and philosophy would go on to greatly influence Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party as a whole.

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Reinhard Heydrich

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Ethnic Cleansing. In August 1940 he was appointed and served as President of Interpol. he chaired the January 1942 Wannsee Conference, which laid out plans for the final solution to the Jewish Question—the deportation and extermination of all Jews in German-occupied territory. Hitler christened him "the man with the iron heart".[4] He was the founding head of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD), an intelligence organisation tasked with seeking out and neutralising resistance to the Nazi Party. He helped organize Kristallnacht.

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Kristallnacht

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series of coordinated attacks against Jews throughout Nazi Germany and parts of Austria on 9–10 November 1938. The pretext for the attacks was the assassination of German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan, a German-born Polish Jew in Paris. Organized by Goebbels.

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Babi Yar

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Jewish enternment camp in Kiev. massacres took place on September 29–30, 1941, wherein 33,771 Jews were killed in a single operation. the largest single massacre in the history of the Holocaust. military governor, Major-General Kurt Eberhard, the Police Commander for Army Group South, SS-Obergruppenführer Friedrich Jeckeln, and the Einsatzgruppe C Commander Otto Rasch.

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Wannsee Conference

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Heydrich devises plan for murder; build series of death camps. meeting of senior officials of the Nazi German regime, held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee on 20 January 1942. Reinhard Heydrich had been appointed as the chief executor of the "Final solution to the Jewish question". In the course of the meeting, Heydrich presented a plan, presumably approved by Adolf Hitler, for the deportation of the Jewish population of Europe and French North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia) to German-occupied areas in eastern Europe, and the use of the Jews fit for labour on road-building projects, in the course of which they would eventually die according to the text of the Wannsee Protocol, the surviving remnant to be annihilated after completion of the projects.[

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Heinrich Himmler

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was Reichsführer of the SS, a military commander, and a leading member of the Nazi Party. oversaw all internal and external police and security forces, including the Gestapo. As overseer of the concentration camps, extermination camps, and Einsatzgruppen. coordinated the killing of some six million Jews.

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Operation Barbarossa

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Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during the Second World War. the largest invasion in the history of warfare. In addition to troops. The Red Army repelled the Wehrmacht's strongest blow, and Adolf Hitler did not achieve the expected victory, but the Soviet Union's situation remained dire. Tactically, the Germans won resounding victories and occupied some of the most important economic areas of the Soviet Union, mainly in Ukraine.[13] Despite these successes, the Germans were pushed back from Moscow and could never again mount a simultaneous offensive along the entire strategic Soviet-German front.

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Commissar Order

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a written order given by Adolf Hitler on 6 June 1941. It demanded that any Soviet political commissar identified among captured troops be shot immediately

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Reichenau Order

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Complete annihilation of Bolsheviks.All Jews were henceforth to be treated as de facto partisans, and commanders were directed that they be either summarily shot or handed over to the Einsatzgruppen execution squads of the SS as the situation dictated.

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Friedrich von Paulus

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commanded the Sixth Army's assault on Stalingrad during Operation Blue in 1942. Surrounded and surrendered in Stalingrad. The battle ended in disaster for Nazi Germany when approximately 270,000 soldiers of the Wehrmacht, Axis allies and Hilfswillige were encircled and defeated in a massive Soviet counterattack in November 1942. While in Soviet captivity during the war became a vocal critic of the Nazi regime and joined the Russian-sponsored National Committee for a Free Germany.

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Operation Typhoon

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German plan to capture Moscow. Stopped by Soviet counter-attack in December.

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Operation Citadel

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The Battle of Kursk

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Erich von Manstein

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He was the initiator and one of the planners of the Ardennes offensive alternative in the invasion of France in 1940. He received acclaim from the German leadership for the victorious battles of Perekop Isthmus, Kerch, Sevastopol and Kharkov. He commanded the failed relief effort at Stalingrad and the Cherkassy pocket evacuation. He was dismissed from service by Adolf Hitler in March 1944, due to his frequent clashes with Hitler over military strategy.

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Barbarossa Decree

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If German troops are attacked by guerilla soldiers, they are authorized to attack village.issued by FeldMarshal Keitel a few weeks before exempted punishable offenses committed by enemy civilians (in Russia) from the jurisdiction of military justice. Suspects were to be brought before an officer who would decide if they were to be shot. Prosecution of offenses against civilians by members of the Wehrmacht was decreed to be "not required" unless necessary for the maintenance of discipline.

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General Georgi Zhokov

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Marshal of the Soviet Union. Saved Leningrad. Took control of fighting. Pushed back Germans in Moscow. Called in to save Stalingrad.

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Stalingrad

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Decisive battle on eastern front. Soviets surround and kill/capture German’s 6th Army. Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad. The battle took place between 23 August 1942 and 2 February 1943.[6][7][8][9] It was the largest battle on the Eastern Front and was marked by brutality and disregard for military and civilian casualties. It is among the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare, with the higher estimates of combined casualties amounting to nearly two million. The heavy losses inflicted on the German army made it a turning point in the war.[

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Richard Sorge

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Warns Stalin of German invasion. was a German communist and spy who worked for the Soviet Union. He has gained great fame among espionage enthusiasts for his intelligence gathering during World War II. He worked as a journalist in both Germany and Japan, where he was imprisoned for spying and eventually hanged.

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Constantine Roskossovky

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was a Polish-origin Soviet career officer who was a Marshal of the Soviet Union, as well as Marshal of Poland and Polish Defence Minister, who was famously known for his service in the Eastern Front, where he received high esteem for his outstanding military skill. He is considered one of the Red Army's greatest strategists.

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Battle of Kursk

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Goals: cut off Russian salient, destroy 1/5th of soviet army before Americans invade Europe,

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Prokhorovka

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was fought on the Eastern Front during the Second World War as part of the Battle of Kursk in the Soviet Union. Principally, the German Wehrmacht's Fourth Panzer Army clashed with the Soviet Red Army's 5th Guards Tank Army. It is one of the largest tank battles in military history.

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Order 227

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Stalin orders anyone leaving their position to be shot. Blocking units put into place. issued by Joseph Stalin acting as People's Commissar of Defence. It is famous for its line "Not a step back!" each Front must create 1 to 3 penal battalions of soldiers accused of disciplinary problems, which were sent to the most dangerous sections of the front lines. The order also directed that each Army must create "blocking detachments" which would shoot "cowards" and fleeing panicked troops at the rear.

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Leningrad

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was a prolonged military operation resulting from the failure of the German Army Group North to capture Leningrad—now known as Saint Petersburg—in the Eastern Front theatre of World War II. The siege started on 8 September 1941, when the last land connection to the city was severed. Although the Soviets managed to open a narrow land corridor to the city on 18 January 1943, lifting of the siege took place on 27 January 1944, 872 days after it began. It was one of the longest and most destructive sieges in history and overwhelmingly the most costly in terms of casualties.

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Legend of Zoya

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18 YEARS OLD. CAPTURED TRYING To burn nazi headquarters

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28 Panfilov Men

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a group of soldiers from the Red Army's 316th Rifle Division that took part in the defense of Moscow during the Great Patriotic War. According to official Soviet history, they have all been killed in action on 16 November 1941, after destroying 18 German tanks. The Twenty-Eight were collectively endowed with the title "Hero of the Soviet Union".

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Walther Model

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German general and later field marshal during World War II. He is noted for his defensive battles in the latter half of the war, mostly on the Eastern Front but also in the west, and for his close association with Adolf Hitler and Nazism. He has been called the Wehrmacht's best defensive tactician.

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Hermann Hoth

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He fought in France, but is most noted for his later exploits as a panzer commander on the Eastern Front. he commanded the 4th Panzer Army during Operation Barbarossa in 1941, and later during the Wehrmacht's 1942 summer offensive. he was involved in the Kursk counter offensive in the summer of 1943 and the Battle of Kiev.

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Strategic Bombing

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Bombers could not be stopped, civilians would panic and lose the will to fight, airplane would make armies and navies obsolete.

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Douhet

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wrote The Command of the Air. argued that
1-Arimies/navies must be subordinate to air forces
2-Command of air gained by forcing the enemy to fight off your attacks—you draw them into battle and destroy them or force them to divert resources to defend against air attacks. You do not defend yourself
3-State with the strongest air force will win

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Lord Trenchard

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In England the leading champion of SB was Lord Trenchard, head of the RAF in the 20s and 30s. Trenchard differed from Douhet in that he did not believe you had to have total air superiority. If you sent enough bombers over a target enough would get through to do significant damage. Trenchard, like other early theorist, possibly to the moral effect of bombing would be more damaging than the material effect.

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Curtis Lemay

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In early spring of 1945, the AF sought a change, and put the bombing campaign under a 39 year-old general named . he decided that accuracy was impossible. As a result of the problems, he came up with a bold and seemingly dangerous plan.
1-Raids would come at night, when cloud cover was less
2-The tactic of precision bomging was abandoned in favor of area bombing
3-the formations would come in at 5-10k feet, and without most of the machine-guns removed to increase bomb tonnage. His crews thought he was crazy.

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Butt Report

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revealed the widespread failure of bombers to deliver their payloads to the correct target. The report concluded the following: 1/3 of all aircraft failed to find their primary target.

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Dehousing

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In 1942 British Bomber Command decided to change tactics. They would stop trying to hit specific industrial targets and instead try to burn out German cities with a population over 100K.

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Ploetsi Raid

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A significant portion of German crude oil, estimated at 60%, came from the?American planners saw an opportunity. On August 1, 1943, 177 B-24 bombers took off from bases in Libya, crossing the Med into se Europe. The plan was to come in at tree-top level to avoid German radar. This failed, and when the Americans arrived over the target they were pounded by German guns—50% of the attacking planes were shot down.

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Schweinfurt Raid

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Days later, the 8th AF decided to hit ball-bearing and aircraft plants. It too was a disaster.it cost 60 heavy bombers. In October the 8th AF lost 148 planes in a week, followed by another 60 in one day the next month. At that rate, the bomber force of the 8th AF would be extinct very quickly.

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Dresden

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The attack on in February 1945 is was especially criticized later on—it killed a minimum of 35k and as many as 100k. The intentions of the attack are to hit the enemy where he will feel it most, behind an already partially collapsed front, to prevent the use of the city in the way of further advance, and incidentally to show the Russians when they arrive what Bomber Command can do.

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Combine bomber offensive

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Early in 1943, at a meeting of Churchill, FDR, and Stalin, the Brits and Americans developed the idea of a ? Acker argued that there should be “Around the Clock Bombing” to break German way capacity and morale. Churchill loved it—the Germans would get no breathing space.

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Henry Kaiser

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He established the Kaiser Shipyard which built Liberty ships during World War II, after which he formed Kaiser Aluminum and Kaiser Steel. Kaiser organized Kaiser Permanente health care for his workers and their families.

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Selective Service Act

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Raise army to 500k troops. nAge 21-36 men were to register for the draft. First # was 158

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J. Philip Randolph

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Brotherhood of the sleeping car porters. Protest the lack of employment. Fair employment practices commission.

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Executive Order 9066

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Anybody 1/8 Japanese will be interned in camp

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Earl Warren

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He is known for the sweeping decisions of the Warren Court, which ended school segregation and transformed many areas of American law, especially regarding the rights of the accused, ending public-school-sponsored prayer, and requiring "one-man-one vote" rules of apportionment. He made the Court a power center on a more even base with Congress and the presidency especially through four landmark decisions: Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), Reynolds v. Sims (1964), and Miranda v. Arizona (1966).

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Alfred Weidermeier

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Believed under 9 million troops were needed for the war

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Braceros Program

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Guest worker program for Mexicans

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Erwin Rommel

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Renowned German field officer. In on hitler bomb plot.

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Dwight Eisenhower

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Commander of d-day invasion. Became supreme allied commander. he was charged with planning and carrying out the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy in June 1944 under the code name Operation Overlord, the liberation of Western Europe and the invasion of Germany.

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Operation Overlord

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D-Day. Land 150k men over a 50 mile coast in 24 hours.

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Operation Fortitude

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Fake attack at calait

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Operation cobra

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the American breakout from the Normandy beachhead. intention was to take advantage of the German preoccupation with British and Canadian activity around the town of Caen, and immediately punch through the German defenses that were penning in his troops while the Germans were distracted and unbalanced. After a slow start the offensive gathered momentum, and German resistance collapsed as scattered remnants of broken units fought to escape to the Seine. was decisive in securing an Allied victory in the Normandy Campaign.

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Operation luttich

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German counterattack during the Battle of Normandy. to eliminate the gains made by the First United States Army during Operation Cobra and the subsequent weeks. resulting in many of the German troops in Normandy being trapped in the Falaise Pocket.

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Falaise Pocket

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was the decisive engagement of the Battle of Normandy. Taking its name from the pocket around the town of Falaise within which Army Group B, consisting of the German Seventh and Fifth Panzer Armies became encircled by the advancing Western Allies. The battle resulted in the destruction of the bulk of Germany's forces west of the River Seine and opened the way to Paris and the German border.

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Kreisau Circle

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the name the Nazi Gestapo gave to a group of German dissidents centered on the Kreisau estate of Helmuth James Graf von Moltke. The Kreisauer Kreis is celebrated as one of the instances of German opposition to the Nazi regime. The difficulty for all such dissidents was how to reconcile loyalty to Germany with opposition to the Nazis, once the Nazis had subverted the state to such an extent that the two were almost inextricable.