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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 Sizes of geographical delineation that can appear on a German label? Describe.
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Anbaugebiet:13 regions. Bereich: within an Anbaugebiet, often named after a village within it's borders. Grosslage: group of vineyards. Einzellage: single vineyard. Only producers of PDO wines may put a vineyard name on their labels.
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(Germany) what are the 6 Pradikats? List in order of minimum must weights.
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Minimum must weights vary between Anbaugebiets. Kabinett: dry or sweet. Spatlese: "late harvest" fuller body; dry or sweet. Auslese: "selected out" made from individually selected extra-ripe bunches of grapes, may include botrytis; dry or sweet. Beerenauslese: individually selected out berries, with or without botrytis; sweet. Eiswein: berries naturally frozen at -8C. TBA: Nobly rotten grapes; sweet wine.
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What are the parameters for Qualitatswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete (QbA) ?
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Grapes grown in one of the 13 Anbaugebiete. No blending between regions. May undergo must enrichment.
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What are the parameters for Pradikatswein?
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Grapes grown in a single Bereich, within a single Anbaugebiete. No must enrichment allowed, though sussreserve is allowed post-ferment. Must declare which Pradikat level it belongs to.
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What are the 7 most important anbaugebiete? What are the other 6?
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Mosel, Nahe, Rheingau, Rheinhessen, Pfalz, Baden, Franken. Mittelrhein, Ahr, Wurttemberg, Hessische Bergstrasse, Saale-Unstrut, Sachsen.
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What is the key wine of Baden?
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Kaiserstuhl Spatburgunder (Pinot Noir)
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What are the key wines of Franken?
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Wurzburg Silvaner and Riesling.
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What are the Key Wines of Pfalz, the 2nd largest wine-growing region?
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Riesling QbA and Pradikatsweine from Einzellage in the villages Forst, Deidesheim. Also Liebfraumilch Pfalz.
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What are the Key Wines of Rheinhessen, the largest wine-growing region?
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Riesling QbA and Pradikatsweine from Einzellage in the villages Oppenheim, Nierstein. Also Liebfraumilch Rheinhessen.
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What are the Key Wines of Rheingau?
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Riesling QbA and Pradikatsweine from Einzellage of the villages Geisenheim, Rudesheim, Johannisberg.
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What are the Key Wines of Nahe?
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Riesling QbA and Pradikatsweine from Einzellage of the village Schlossbockelheim.
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What are the Key Wines of Mosel? (6 Key villages)
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Riesling QbA and Pradikatsweine from Einzellage of the villages Piesport, Brauneberg, Bernkastel, Wehlen, Graach, Erden.
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What are the 4 PDO generic appellations of Austria?
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Niederosterreich, Burgenland, Wien, Steiermark.
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What are the key DAC subregions of Niederosterreich? What are their key grapes?
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Wachau DAC, Kamptal DAC, Kremstal DAC: Gruner Veltliner, Riesling.
Weinviertel DAC: Gruner only. |
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What are the three stylistic categories of the Wachau DAC, in order of lightest to richest?
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Steinfeder, Federspiel, Smaragd.
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What are the key wines of Burgenland, and their grapes?
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TBA, BA, Eisweins of various grapes, from around the lake.
Reds of Blaufrankisch, and blends. |
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What are the requirements for Szamorodni wines?
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Grapes have some Noble Rot; may be vinified dry or sweet. Age in cask min. one year, 2 years old before release. Often a flor-like yeast gives oxidative characters.
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What are the requirements for Tokaji Aszu?
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Aszu grapes are macerated in dry base wine up to 36hrs. Aged 2 yr. min. in oak, must be 3 yrs. old before release.
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Describe Naoussa OPAP, its key grape, and the wines made by it.
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Northern Greece, cooling altitudes. Xinomavro which makes wines similar to Nebbiolo, has high tannin and acid, but low colour and lacking fresh fruit aromas.
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Describe Nemea OPAP, its key grape, and the wines made by it.
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Northern Peloponnense, wide range of altitudes, with the best grapes coming from mid range. Agiorgitiko (St. George) from here balance rich fruitiness and round tannins with moderate acidity.
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Describe Santorini OPAP, its key grape, and the wines made by it.
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Windswept volcanic island. Assyrtiko makes dry and sweet (Vinsanto) wines from wind-dried grapes that yield concentrated acids and sugars and therefore, in dry wines, higher alcohols. 2yr min barrel aging for Vinsanto.
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Italy. What does Classico refer to ?
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Wines made from the original, better, and inevitably hillier part of the appellation, eg: Chianti Classico.
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What does Riserva refer to in Italian wine?
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Wines with higher alcohol and longer ageing.
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Passito refers to what in Italian wine? Where does the style originate? List some examples of the style.
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Veneto. Perfectly healthy red or white grapes can be used, and are harvested early enough to ensure sufficient acidity remains after drying. Recioto della Valpolicella, Amarone della Valpollicella, Pasito di Pantelleria, Vin Santo (Toscana).
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Barolo DOCG.
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Nebbiolo, Piemonte. Aged minimum 3 years. Tortonian and Helvetian soils.
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Barbaresco DOCG.
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Nebbiolo, Piemonte.
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Langhe DOC
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Nebbiolo, Piemonte. Often good value.
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Roero DOCG.
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Nebbiolo, Piemonte. Sandy soils = more approachable. Also Roero Arneis DOCG (white from Arneis).
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Barbera d'Asti DOC, Barbera del Monferrato DOC
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Barbera, Piemonte. Clay soil.
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Dolcetto d'Alba DOC, Dogliani DOCG
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Dolcetto, Piemonte. Limestone soils.
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DOCG Gavi
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Cortese, Piemonte. (white)
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Alto Adige DOC whites and reds.
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Gewurtz, Pinot Bianco, Pinot Grigio, Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling. Reds: Lagrein, Schiava.
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Trentino DOC.
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The flatter slopes produce commercial Pinot Grigio, and a red: Teroldego.
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Grave de Friuli DOC
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Friuli-Venezia-Giulia, Reds of mostly international varieties plus Refosco. Whites of Pinot Grigio, Tocai Friulano.
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Collio DOC
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Friuli-Venezia-Giulia, known for whites of Tocai Friulano, Malvasia, Ribolla Gialla.
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Valpolicella DOC.
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Corvina, Rondinella, Molinara. Veneto. Limestone and granite slopes.
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Bardolino DOC, Bardolino Chiaretto DOC (rose).
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Corvina, Rondinella, Molinara. Veneto. Glacial moraine.
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Soave DOC.
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Italy's most important white wine. Garganega. Veneto. Volcanic basalt soils.
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Chianti Classico DOCG
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Tuscany, Sangiovese-based blends.
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Brunello di Montalcino DOCG.
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Tuscany, Sangiovese ONLY. MINIMUM 5 year ageing. Maritime-alpine hybrid soil.
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Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG.
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Tuscany, Sangiovese ONLY.
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Bolgheri DOC
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Tuscany, coastal, Sangiovese blended with international.
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Vernaccia di San Gimignano DOCG
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The only white DOCG in Tuscany. Vernaccia grape.
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Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi DOC
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Marche, Verdicchio.
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Conero DOCG
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Marche, Montepulciano. Mountainous.
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Orvieto DOC
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Umbria, white blends of Trebbiano, Grechetto, Malvasia, Verdello.
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Frascati DOC
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Lazio, blends of Trebbiano and Malvasia
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Montepulciano d'Abruzzo, Trebbiano d'Abruzzo DOC's
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Abruzzo, of the mentioned grapes.
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Taurasi DOCG.
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Campania, Aglianico. "Barolo of the south" 3 Years min. age.
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Salice Salentino DOC, Copertino DOC.
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Puglia, blends of Negroamaro and Malvasia Nera. Terra Rossa soil.
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Aglianico del Vulture DOC, DOCG.
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Superiore and Riserva versions are allowed the higher classification. Basilicata, Aglianico.
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What are Italy's 4 biggest bulk regions?
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Puglia, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Sicilia.
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What are the only 2 DOCa's in Spain?
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Rioja and Priorato
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What is a Vinos de Pago?
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Single estate wines that must be estate grown, vinified and matured. May be international varieties.
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What are the primary grapes for Cava?
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Xarel-ho, Parellada, Macabeo (aka Viura)
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Describe the 3 Rioja sub-regions
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R. Alavesa: higher altitudes, chalky soil; light but finessed wines. R. Alta: limestone-clay, some iron-rich. R. Baja: continental, heavy clay, drought; less age-worthy Garnachas, more Graciano.
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What are the 3 main red varietals of Rioja, and their basic characteristics?
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Tempranillo: thick-skinned, low acidity, best in moderate temperature areas. Garnacha: produces full-bodied alcoholic reds in hotter areas. Graciano: with heat gives a wine acid, tannin, structure and black fruit aromas.
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Navarra DO
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Upper Ebro. Tempranillo, Garnacha, and international. Roses. 5 sub-zones based on altitude.
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Carinena and Calatayud DO's
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Upper Ebro. Garnacha, Tempranillo. Warm, dry. Wines are soft and savoury; inexpensive to mid-priced.
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Somontano DO
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East of the Upper Ebro in the foothills of the Pyrenees. Cooler air and ground water come from Pyrenees. Wide range of local and international grapes at good values.
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Catalunya DO
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North East coast. Covers the still wines of the entire region. Nearly all Cava is made here.
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Describe the 3 climactic zones of Penedes DO
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Catalunya. Hot coastal plain produces full-bodied reds from Monastrell and Garnacha. Inland temperate valleys grow most of the white Cava grapes. Cool hills grow Riesling, Gewurtz, Pinot Noir.
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How does the terroir of Priorato DOCa affect it's wines?
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Catalunya. Steep vineyards with ideal exposure; red, mica-laden soils trap and reflect heat of the day, and are very deep and water-retaining; cool nights due to altitude. These yield balanced tannins, acid, deep colour and concentration.
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What is the key grape, and how do the climactic conditions in Ribera del Duero affect it?
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Duero Valley. Tempranillo. The combination of high sunlight and wide diurnal range means the grapes ripen with high levels of pigment in their thick skins, and acidity and aromas are retained throughout ripening.
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Toro DO
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Duero Valley. Similar climate to Ribera del Duero, and grows Tempranillo that are harvested very ripe.
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Rueda DO
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Duero Valley. Known primarily for whites made of Verdejo and Sauvignon Blanc. Continental with cool nights, and chalky soils.
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Rias Baixas DO. How does the wet humidity affect viticulture and winemaking?
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North West Coast. High vintage variation. Training to increase air circulation and manage vigour. Crisp, high-acid wines made of Albarino. Never cheap, due to challenging viticultural conditions.
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Bierzo DO
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North West Inland. Predominantly reds from Mencia. Warm and mountainous, yet still benefits from cooling coastal influences.
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Valencia DO
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The Levante. A large bulk region of local and international varieties.
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Jumilla and Yecla DO's
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The Levante. Dominated by Monastrell, benefitting from improved tannin management and replant schemes.
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La Mancha DO
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South Central. The largest DO in Spain, extremely continental (hot/cold) and drought prone. Airen, for brandy production, and many international grapes.
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Valdepenas DO
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South Central. A climate like neighbouring La Mancha. Soft fruity reds from Tempranillo (Cencibel) or blends. Also a lot of Airen
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What are the 5 most important varieties in the Douro DOC?
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Touriga Nacional, Tempranillo(Tinta Roriz), Touriga Franca, Tinta Barroca, Tinta Cao.
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What are the key climactic factors in the Douro DOC?
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Slate-like soil retains moisture but has good drainage, reflects heat up into the canopy during cool nights. This yields good colour extraction, phenolics, but does not lose freshness
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Barraida DOC
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Mild climate heavily influenced by the sea. Rain may be a problem in harvest season. Touriga Nacional, Afrocheiro, Castelao, Camarate, Baga. 50% Baga blends can be called "Classico". Whites from Bical.
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Dao DOC
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Mountainous; hot dry summers, cold rainy winters; high dirunal temp. diff. Delicate fruity wines with soft tannins and balanced acid from T. Nacional, T. Roriz, Afrocheiro, Jaen.
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Vinho Verde DOC
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Cooling ocean winds, huge rainfall throughout year; shallow granite soils. High acid, low alcohol, spritzy wines from Alvarinho, Loureiro, Trajadura etc.
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Alentejo DOC, Alentejano IGP
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8 sub-regions with a variety of soils, continental/maritime; very hot summers, very low rainfall; typical red blends contain Aragones, Trincadeira, Castelao.
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IGP Lisboa
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Limestone clay soil, warm maritime; red wines are from low yielding vineyards and are fruit-driven, deep-coloured, fresh. Aragones, Baga, T.N.,Camarate etc. Lively elegant whites from Fernao Pires, Arinto.
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IGP Tejo
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Warm maritime, river influence, 3 sub-regions based on varying soils. Reds from Aragones, T.N., Syrah. Whites from Fernao Pires, Arinto.
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IGP Peninsula de Setubal
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Hillside limestone vineyards, and those on sandy plains. Warm and maritime with strong Atlantic influence, but not as much precip. as further north. Castelao makes wines of note, with all the usual suspects.
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What are the American regions that are producing more restrained, high-quality Chardonnay and Pinot Noir, and how?
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Carneros AVA (Napa), Russian River Valley AVA (Sonoma County), AVAs of Santa Barbera County, and coastal parts of Monterey County. Strong ocean breezes and fog mitigate the heat.
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Where does the best Zinfandel come from and why?
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Dry Creek AVA (Sonoma): old vines, moderate temps; Sierra Foothills AVA: hot days/cool nights, old vines; Lodi AVA: cool breezes come from San Fransisco Bay, very old vines.
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Where do the best Cabernet Sauvignons come from and why?
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Nap Valley AVA, Sonoma County: low rainfall, fertile but well-draining volcanic soils, mountain fogs.
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What is the key growing region of Oregon, and what are it's key features?
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Willamette Valley on the north coast; warm dry summers with cool nights create balanced acid and flavours from the Pinot family.
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Washington State
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Columbia Valley AVA, rain shadow of the Cascade Mountains, long sunlight hours, winter freezes. Chardonnay, Merlot, Cab. Sauv., Syrah, Riesling.
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Atlantic North East USA
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Finger Lakes AVA, moderating lake effect, hybrid varieties, Riesling, Chardonnay.
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Coquimbo Region
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Elqui, Limari, Choapa sub-regions; Valleys that have brilliant sunshine and either sea breezes or mountain air. Lack of water. Syrah and Sauv. Blanc(Elqui); Chardonnay (Limari)
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Aconcagua Region
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Aconcagua (rich ripe Cab. Sauv), Casablanca, San Antonio sub-regions. The latter 2 benefit from morning fog and afternoon wind; Sauv. Blanc is the specialty with Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Syrah.
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Central Valley Region-Maipo Sub-region
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Premium sites in the foothills with descending mountain air. Minty Cab. Sauv.
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Central Valley Region-Curico and Maule Sub-regions
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Warm, rich soils, abundant water=important source of grapes for inexpensive blended wines
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Central Valley Region-Rapel Sub-region
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Cachapoal Zone: warm northern valley cut off from ocean influence ripens Carmenere, Cab Sauv and Syrah. Colchagua Zone: warm southern valley open to ocean influence grows reds and whites.
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Southern Region of Chile
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Itata, Bio Bio, Malleco. High rainfall make diseases the greatest challenge. Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Muscat, Pais, aromatic varietals.
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Salta Province
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Cafayate Region: world's highest vineyard area produces wines of purity and concentration made from Torrontes, Cab. Sauv, Malbec.
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Catamarca Province
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Catamarca Region: remote, high-altitude and arid = pest-free and organic production of Torrontes, Bonarda, Malbec etc.
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La Rioja Province
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Famatina Valley Region: inexpensive bulk wines of Torrontes, Bonarda, Syrah.
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San Juan Province
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Very hot and arid, some of the best Argentine Syrah coming from Pedernal Valley Region. Also flourishing are Viognier, Malbec and Bordeaux varieties.
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Mendoza Province
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A true desert where altitude is the defining feature. Lujan de Cuyo: source of super-premium priced Malbec; Ucco Valley: Chard, Torrontes, Bordeaux reds, Tempranillo; Maipu: Lower altitudes, old vine Syrah, Malbec, Cab. Sauv.
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Neuquen Province
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Cool climate, young region with many international varieties planted with hopes for Pinot Noir and Sparkling Wine.
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RioNegro Province
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Old vines, strong winds, cool latitude, low rainfall, high diurnal range are influencing concentration and acidity of Sauv. Blanc, Pinot Noir, Malbec and Merlot.
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What are the 4 sizes of production area in South Africa?
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Geographical unit (Western Cape); Regions: follow dominant geological features (Coastal Region); Districts: share environmental features that influence wine style; Wards: similar soil and geography producing distinct style.
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Stellenbosch District
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(Coastal Region) Rainfall in winter, summer's rarely too hot thanks to coastal breezes, varied soil, altitude and aspect. Top quality Bordeaux red blends, and Syrah; Sauv. Blanc and Chardonnay for high quality whites.
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Paarl District
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(Coastal Region) North of Stellenbosch, less coastal influence, thus hotter summers, but cool nights thanks to altitudes.
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Constantia Ward and Durbanville Ward
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Cape Doctor wind cools the temp. enough for good quality Sauv. Blanc, as well as cooler aspects.
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Breede River Valley Region
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Worcester is fertile, warm and dry with river irrigation; reliable source of volume wines. Robertson is slightly cooler thanks to south-easterly winds, soil is less fertile limestone; producing good Syrah, Chardonnay, Sauv.B
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Walker Bay District
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Southern tip of Africa; well suited to Burgundian varieties. Elgin Ward has altitude as well as coastal influences for Pinot and Sauv. B. Elim Ward also has a reputation for pungent Sauv. B.
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Swartland District
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Northern part of Coastal Region, old-vine Chenin and Syrah.
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What are the classic region for Cabernet Sauvignon in Australia and what are the characteristics?
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Coonawarra, Margaret River. Ripe black cherry/currant, toasty, meaty oak notes; dark, with high acidity and firm tannins
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What is Shiraz like in Australia, and what are the key regions?
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Hot regions: Hunter and Barrossa Valleys produce softly earthy, spicy styles. Moderate regions: Margaret River, Western Victoria, Central ranges in NSW produce leaner, more peppery styls.
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Riesling in Australia
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Eden and Clare Valleys, Tasmania, Frankland River
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Barossa Valley Region (Barossa Zone)
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Limestone and Ironstone; hot and dry, bush training still used. SHIRAZ key, along with Grenache, Mataro and CS.
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Eden Valley Region (Barossa Zone)
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Moderate to warm, varying with altitude. Med body, limey RIESLING with a steely character and high acidity. Also Chardonnay, CS, Shiraz and Merlot
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Adelaide Hills Region (Mt. Lofty Ranges Zone)
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Moderate region, altitude is key, soils are sandy loam, with low water-holding capacity. Specialty is complex, elegant CHARDONNAY, Pinot Noir, Sparkling wine, Sauv. B.
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Clare Valley Region (Mt. Lofty Ranges Zone)
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Hot climate tempered by cool afternoon breezes and cold nights at higher altitudes. Terra rossa soil and others. Long-ageing RIESLING is a specialty, as is powerful, structured, fragrant Shiraz.
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McLaren Vale Region (Fleurieu Zone)
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Mediterranean coastal tempered by cool afternoon breezes. Intense Shiraz, Grenache and CS, with some Merlot, have soft ripe tannins.
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Coonawarra Region (Limestone Coast Zone)
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Terra rossa soil over limestone. Intense, structured CS with menthol and cassis. Elegance from cold Antarctic currents and summer cloud cover.
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Yarra Valley Region (Port Philip Zone)
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Moderate and maritime, abundant rain, variety of soil. PINOT NOIR, Chardonnay, CS, Sparkling Wine.
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Central Victoria Zone
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Heathcote & Goulburn Valley Regions: inland climate is moderated by altitude to make firm-structured, elegant, complex SHIRAZ (perhaps with Viognier, as a blend, not co-ferment), also, Rhone white varieties well-VRM.
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Hunter Valley Region (Hunter Valley Zone)
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Hot, humid, fortunately cloud cover and ocean breezes mitigate the heat. Can lead to unsettled weather at harvest. Black silty loam with Phylloxera. SEMILLON harvested early on, earthy soft Shiraz also.
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Margaret River Region (South West Australia Zone)
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Moderate warm maritime climate similar to Bordeaux with high winter rainfall. Cab/Merlot, Sem/Sauv blends, and CHARDONNAY in a range of high-acid, complex styles'
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Murray-Darling and Riverina Regions
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Dry, hot climate requiring irrigation from Murrumbidgee River. Autumn morning mist and fog, combined with low rainfall encourage noble rot and a long hang time resulting in Sauturnes-like SEMILLON wines.
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Tasmania
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Coolest climate producing sparkling wine, Pinot Noir, and aromatic Alsatian varieties
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Aukland
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North Island; warm and wettest-fungal diseases are a problem. Cab. Sauv, Merlot, Chardonnay.
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Gisborne
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North Island; warm and wet; CHARDONNAY gets lush and tropical, top quality GEWURTZTRAMINER.
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Hawke's Bay
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North Island; warmest with long sunshine hours, heat absorbing, well-drained gravelly soil champions Merlot and Cab Sauv, and blends of the 2, with Syrah gaining popularity.
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Wairarapa/Martinborough
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North Island; free-draining low-fertility soils; marked diurnal range; PINOT NOIR attains full ripeness yet maintains complexity and intensity
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Marlborough
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South Island; gravelly soil, windy, frost can be a risk; home of iconic SAUVIGNON BLANC, growers are diversifying with Chard, PN, Riesling and PG
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Nelson
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South Island; west of Marlborough, similar but cooler and wetter. SB, PN, Chard
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Canterbury
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South Island; plains region exposed to cooling Pacific influenc, hills region windy with less ocean influence. PN, SB, Riesling.
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Central Otago
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South Island; inland foothills of the Southern Alps, continental climate with risk of spring and fall frost. Hot summer with large diurnal range, intense sunlight=higher alcohol levels. PINOT NOIR, PG, Chard, Riesling.
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What are the 3 main viticultural challenges in Champagne? How are they dealt with?
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Inclement weather, winter freezes, spring frosts. Planting on slopes, spur pruning to retain old wood.
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Cote de Bar
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Southernmost East. Kimmeridgian clay like Chablis. PINOT NOIR
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Cote de Sezanne
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South Central. Chalk soil. CHARDONNAY
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Cote de Blancs
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Just south of Epernay, South of the river Marne. Chalk soil. CHARDONNAY
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Montagne de Reims
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North of the river Marne. Chalk soil. PINOT NOIR
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Vallee de la Marne
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West-most, around the river Marne. Chalk soil. PINOT MEUNIER, as it buds later.
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What are the minimum ageing requirements for NV and Vintage champagnes?
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15months (12 on lees), and 3 years (on lees).
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What are the regulations surrouding Cremant?
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Traditional method. 100L from 150kg grapes. Nine months on lees. Best quality grapes from the region. 7 sparkling wine ACs
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Saumur Mousseaux AC
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Traditional method. A range of local white grapes, esp. Chenin Blanc but including Chardonnay; also red sparkle made from Cab. Franc.
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Vouvray AC
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Traditional method. Only Chenin Blanc is permitted
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What are the regulations surrounding Cava DO
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Traditional method, 100L from 150kg. 9 months on lees. Xarel-ho, Parellada, Macabeo (Viura) for whites. Monastrell and Garnacha for roses.
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Asti DOCG
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Piemonte. Asti Method. Muscat Blanc a Petit Grains. All Asti is sweet and low alcohol.
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Prosecco DOC, Conegliano-Valdobbiadene DOCG
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Veneto and neighbouring Friuli. Tank Method, made from the Glera grape. "Cartize" and "Rive" indicate superior vineyard site.
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Sekt, Deutscher Sekt, Deutscher Sekt bA, Einzellage.
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Tank method. Sekt: made sparkling in Germany, base wine often out of country. Deutscher Sekt: base wine made in and from grapes grown in Germany. Those made from grapes entirely of one Anbaugebiete can be named Deutscher Sekt bA. Einzellage labeled wines are made traditional method.
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New Zealand sparkling wine: how long must they mature and what are the key regions
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18 months in bottle. Marlborough (cooler), Hawke's Bay and Gisborne (warmer)
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What are the key AVAs for sparkling in the USA?
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Carneros AVA, Anderson Valley in Mendocino County.
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What are the 3 permitted grape varieties permitted in Jerez, and what are their preferred soil types?
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Palomino, low acid, neutral: Albariza; Pedro Ximenez, neutral; Muscat of Alexandria, floral, grapey: Arenas sandy soil.
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What is the largest viticultural challenge in Porto
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Managing the steeply sloped vineyards
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What are the top varieties for Port production?
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Touriga Nacional: the best, low yields of tiny bunches of tiny berries, early maturing; Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo): high yield, adds finesse; Touriga Franca: well coloured and structured with excellent perfume; Tinta Cao; Tinta Barroca: thin-skinned, soft, fruity, high-alcohol.
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What are the 4 noble varieties of Madeira, and what is the 5th variety that now makes of 56% of plantings?
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All white: Sercial: high acid, subtle dry wines; Verdelho: high acid, aromatic med-dry wines; Boal: nutty med-sweet wines; Malvasia: honeyed sweet wines. Tinta Negra: dry to sweet red wines.
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What is the difference between Canteiros and Estufa?
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Wines in casks, heated by the sun to 30'C in the lofts of merchants lodges and aged for 3 years vs. steel containers heated for 3 months at 45-50'C, aged for 2 years.
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What grapes are used to make France's VDNs, red and white?
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Grenache: Banyuls, Maury and Rivesaltes AC (Roussillon), Rasteau AC (Rhone). Muscat BaPG: Muscat de Beaumes de Venise (Rhone), Muscat de St. Jean de Minervois AC (Languedoc); Muscat of Alexandria: Muscat de Rivesaltes AC (Roussillon)
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How is Rutherglen, Victoria VDN made?
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Muscat BaPG or Muscadelle, raisined grapes, fortified to stop ferment, solera in baking hot sheds=> oxidation and evaporation.
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North of Bordeaux, what are the 6 crus of Cognac in order of decreasing quality?
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Grande Champagne-Petite Champagne-Borderies-Fins Bois, then Bons Bois, then Bois Communs/Ordinaires. Best sites have a high chalk content=good drainage+water retention.
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What are the 3 most important Cognac grapes (out of the 8 permitted)?
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Ugni Blanc, Colombard, Folle Blanche.
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What do VS, VSOP, and XO guarantee on a Cognac label?
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VS: youngest spirit in the blend is 2 yrs old; VSOP: 4 yrs; XO: 6 yrs
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What are the 3 Crus of Armagnac in descending order of quality?
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Bas-Armagnac, Tenareze, Haut-Armagnac.
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What are the 2 main grape varieties ( of the 10 allowable) in Armagnac?
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Ugni Blanc and Baco Noir=>fuller bodied, higher abv and lower acid.
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What are the age guarantees on Armagnac labels?
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VS: 1-3yrs; VSOP: 4-9yrs; Napoleon: 6-9yrs; Hors d'Age/XO: 10-19yrs; XO Premium: 20+ yrs; Vintage: 10 yrs min.; Age indicated: youngest spirit in blend is that age.
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What are the 5 permitted geographical indications for whiskey
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Speyside, Highland, Lowland, Campbeltown, Islay
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What are the requirements to be labelled Scottish whisky?
Malt Whisky? Grain Whisky? |
Distilled in Scotland to less than 94.8% abc, matured in Scotland in oak barrels min. 3 years. Malt: malted barley only, pot still. Grain: malted barley and other grains, continuous still, never peated, higher degree of rectification=smoother.
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Bourbon
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51% corn, distilled no higher than 80%abv, matured in new, charred oak barrels; ("straight" must be 2 yrs min)
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