Wset Advanced: Section 01 Grape Species, Varieties And Rootstocks

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Vitis Vinifera

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Main Euroasian species of grapevine.
Not resistant to vine pest Phylloxera

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Vitis Riparia, Vitis Rupestris and Vitis Berlandieri

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Native North America grapevine species.
Resistant to vine pest Phylloxera

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Shoots

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The new growth a vine produces each year

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Photosynthesis

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Process where plants uses chlorophyll and energy from sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into Oxygen and most important sugar glucose.

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Sugar glucose

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Vine can convert small glucose molecule into larger carbohydrates, which are building blocks for all structures.
The energy stored into glucose can be released when vine needs it for other living processes.
Glucose is concentrate in the fruit to be more attractive for animals which are needed to propagate the seeds.

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Tendrils

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Vine's structure which helping to keep shoot upright.

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Flowers and Berries

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Vine's hermaphrodite, wind-pollinated, reproductive organ, grouped in bunch of small flowers called inflorescence. From every successful pollinated flower it will comes berry and inflorescence will become bunch of grape.

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Buds

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embryonic shoots, located between leaf and shoot, mature in own casing with all structure for new shoot who will comes next growing season.

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One Year Old Wood

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Shoots turn woody during the winter after they have grow, so the following spring they become one year old wood either be called cane or spur depend of type of pruning.
Cane is a long with eight to fifteen buds.
Spur is a short with two to three buds.
Buds that formed previous year burst to shoots.
Vines will produced fruit only from buds are developed previous year.

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Permanent Wood

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More than one year old restricted by pruning. They are made from trunk and arms (cordons).
Trunk store carbohydrate what buds need for start growing shoot until they became strong to use from own leafs production.

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The Roots

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function to absorb water and nutrients from soil, anchoring the vine and store carbohydrates for winter.
Vitis Vinifera is usually grafted with other species of root-stock because can't resist pest Phylloxera.

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Grape Varieties

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Population of grapevines belong the same grape variety if ancestry of every plant follows a line of cuttings from cutting back to the same, single, original "parent" plant.
Two grapevines are of different grape varieties if, when their ancestry is traced back through cuttings to original plant grown from seed.
Principal difference between them is : vary in color, composition and flavor.
Variations of species comes from two clear routes: sexual reproduction and mutation.
(flower pollinated, grape, seeds)
Every seedling is a new variety.
Mutation sometimes happen during the copying the genetic material if some error happen then result with mutated shoot. Cutting and plant them is resulting with new variety.

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Clones and Clonal Selection

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Identical copy of vine variety can be propagated from cutting or layering.
Cuttings (cut the shoot, form the root, plant to vineyard)
Layering (bending the cane, burying a section to ground, taking root, cutting from cane)
Mass selection, propagation by these two methods from different plant of same vineyard.
Clonal selection, propagation by these two methods from only one plant with best searched characteristic. (Side effect of clonal selection: ability to resistant of disease, changes the characteristic on long therm period 20-30 years)

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Creating New Vine Variety

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Building a new vine variety from seeds are very expensive and long therm process, only two vine variety are successfully find his place: Donfelder (Germany) and Pinotage (South Africa).

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Crossings

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is a grape variety whose original parent vine was grown from seed and both are V. Vinifera.
Every V. Vinifera are crossing grape variety.
Cabernet Sauvignon (Cabernet Franc x Sauvignon Blanc)
Pinotage (Pinot Noir x Cinsault)
Muller Thurgau (Riesling x Madeline Royale)

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Cabernet Sauvignon (Cabernet Franc x Sauvignon Blanc)
Pinotage (Pinot Noir x Cinsault)
Muller Thurgau (Riesling x Madeline Royale)

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Hybrids

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For viticulturists hybrid is a vine whose parents are from different species of Vitis.
First hybrids in North America.
Local Vitis produce not very palatable wine but is resistant to Powdery Mildew, Downy Mildew and pest Phyloxera.
Hybrids are have big role for restarting Europian vineyards. Today American Vitis are used mostly for rootstocks.

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Phylloxera

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is a vine pest which attack vine root. Through wounds bacteria and fungi infect the vine root what causes weakens of grapevine more and more year through year until die.
V. Vinifera is helpless under Phylloxera attack. Other species as V.Riparia, V. Rupestris and V. Berlandieri are resistant to these pest, they roots produce sticky juice which are clogging pest mouth also make layer on wounds to protect from infections.

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Hybrid as a Rootstocks

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V. Vinifera can be grafted on american Vitis rootstock, but species as V.Riparia and V.Rupestris can't adapted on lime stone soils, bu crossing with V.Berlandieri the solution is found.

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Grafting

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is a technique used to join hybrid rootstock to a V. Vinifera variety.
Bench-Grafting, cuttings sections from rootstock and V.Vinifera canes and connecting them by machine, Trimming any roots from scion V.Vinifera and shoots from rootstock.
Head-Grafting, grafting bud from desired vine on a rootstock trunk from which are before we removed all shoots and buds. It is good and cheap technique for fast adapting a vineyard to the market.

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Key Grape Varietes

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White Grape: Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Pinot Gris, Viognier, Mucat
Black Grape: Pinot Noir, Cabarnet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah, Grenache, Sangiovese, Tempranillo.