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41 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
NSDAP (Nazi)
-• Roehm believed in the Socialist element of the NSDAP (Socialist Worker Party). Hitler thought it was too much like Communism.
Swastika
• Hitler ordered that the Bible must be accompanied by a copy of Mein Kampf and in places of worship, the cross must be crowned by a swatztica
The “Stab in the Back” myth
Many Germans believed that Germany was not defeated after WWI and had armies ready to fight. “It was the politicians at home that stabbed them in the back” (traitors and Jews)
Treaty of Versailles
o Woodrow believed that they should be generous in their triumph towards those who lost. But he had to allow things that he didn’t think were wise because of the other allies.
• Ex: Germany saddled with debt due to the “War Guilt Clause,”
• Military Restrictions
 Could only have 200,000 men. No air force or submarines
• Territories: redrawing of European map
 Saar Basin – Resource rich (oil, mines). Operated under control of ally engineers
 Rhineland – Demilitarized. No military or military facilities. Why? French had been invaded through this route many times.
 Yugoslavia
 Czechoslovakia
 Sudetenland (West) – previous had been a part of Germany. Hitler demands land with Ethnic Germans back.
 Prussia –
 Poland – Geographic misfortune (Germany to the West, Russia to the East)
Paris Peace Conferences
(January 1919)
o Woodrow was the first president to ever leave the country while in office.
o Woodrow Wilson – deeply religious, son of a minister. Believed countries could get along under Christian “goodness” (he was mocked as being too much of a dreamer, even then)
• 14 points (for peace) – Tough sell. France and U.K wanted “spoils of war.” Able to persuade other nations to give the League of Nations a try. Woodrow is never able to convince U.S. Senate to join the League of Nations.
 Creation of a new International Organization to keep World Peace - League of Nations
• LoN – Failed to stop WWII. If U.S> had joined, would WWII have taken place?
 Ethnic Self-Determination
• Balkans – Tinderbox of Ethnic rivalries
• Give certain ethnic groups independence to rule themselves
o Yugoslavia
o Czechoslovakia - Sudetenland
Woodrow Wilson
• Woodrow was the first president to ever leave the country while in office.
• Woodrow Wilson – deeply religious, son of a minister. Believed countries could get along under Christian “goodness” (he was mocked as being too much of a dreamer, even then)
The 14 Points
 14 points (for peace) – Tough sell. France and U.K wanted “spoils of war.” Able to persuade other nations to give the League of Nations a try. Woodrow is never able to convince U.S. Senate to join the League of Nations.
i. Creation of a new International Organization to keep World Peace - League of Nations
1. LoN – Failed to stop WWII. If U.S> had joined, would WWII have taken place?
ii. Ethnic Self-Determination
1. Balkans – Tinderbox of Ethnic rivalries
2. Give certain ethnic groups independence to rule themselves
a. Yugoslavia
b. Czechoslovakia - Sudetenland
League of Nations
i. Creation of a new International Organization to keep World Peace - League of Nations
1. LoN – Failed to stop WWII. If U.S> had joined, would WWII have taken place?
Weimar Republic
-established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government
-• Germany did not have much experience with this kind of government
• Economics- huge problem, especially because of the debt placed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles.
 Inflation: 1923-4 a working person in Germany could take a bus one way and pay 5, and their return trip could end up being 100.
 Able to get through this because the US restructures the payment plan and also they infuse cash into the Republic. But after the stock market crash, the economy is bad again.
Reichstag
German word which in political terms means Parliament
Chancellery, Chancellor
Chancellor – link between President and Germany Senate
“Mein Kampf”
• Hitler ordered that the Bible must be accompanied by a copy of Mein Kampf and in places of worship, the cross must be crowned by a swatztica
-Mein Kampf ("My Struggle") is an autobiographical manifesto by Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, in which he outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.
-Hitler began dictating the book to his deputy Rudolf Hess while imprisoned for what he considered to be "political crimes" following his failed Putsch in Munich in November 1923.
Beerhall Putsch
• November 1923, Hitler carries out an attempt to seize the Bavarian government. He thought this would be a stepping stone to controlling Germany. He was premature. He fired his pistol in a Beer Hall, proclaiming that he was taking the government. The German army diffused the situation. Hitler was arrested, tried and send to Landsberg Prison, but only for 6 months, as other officials were sympathetic to his cause.
Lebensraum
- a law of nature for all healthy and vigorous peoples of superior races to displace people of inferior races; especially if the people of a superior race were facing overpopulation in their given territories.
-Thus expansion was justified as an inevitable necessity for Germany to pursue in order to end the country's overpopulation within existing confined territory, and provide resources necessary to its people's well-being.[1] The idea of a Germanic people without sufficient space dates back to long before Adolf Hitler brought it to prominence.
- Nazi Germany also supported other nations' pursuing their own Lebensraum, including Fascist Italy
Aryan Superiority
o Summer Olympics (1936)
• Germany (Berlin) hosts. Propaganda for the “New Germany.” Took down anti-Jew laws and signs. Hitler expected elite Aryans to win. Jesse Owens (African American) blows away German runners. Hitler refuses to partake in medal award.
SA
o Ernst Roehm • In command o the SA (Storm troopers, “Brown Shirts,” secret patrol, ground runners)
 -SA is the general security for Nazi movement and intimidators
SS
-Henrich Himmler • In charge of Hitler’s body guards (SS Officers
- SS was in charge of Racial Policies (cornerstone of Holocaust). SS had the blood of seven million on their hands by the end of the war in 1945
Gestapo
o Hermann Goering -In charge of the Gestapo – Secret Police at the beginning of the Third Reich
o Henrich Himmler - Inherits the Gestapo by the end of the 1930s.
-Gleichschaltung- “Bringing into line” - All police (polizei) were commanded by the Gestapo (Nazi)
The Night of the Long Knives
(June 30, 1934)
• All leaders of the SA were killed
• Hitler went on the radio and said that he had acted as the Judge, the Jury and the Executioner, on the German people’s behalf (virtually no outcry – fear)
The Deutschland Pact
• Warship – The Deutschland
 Secret meeting on ship in early 1934
 German Army – Wehrmacht – agrees to support Hitler when Hindenburg dies if Hitler agrees to get rid of Roehm and the power of the SA (The SA was too large and scared the Regular German Army)
 Hitler arrests Ernst Roehm for treason in 1934
• “The Night of the Long Knives”
Der Fuehrer
o August 2, 1934 – Hindenburg dies
• Hitler assumes full power, claiming himself Der Fuehrer and eliminating the office of President.
Il Duce
Duce (leader) is an Italian title, derived from the Latin word dux, and cognate with duke. National Fascist Party leader Benito Mussolini was identified by Fascists as Il Duce ("The Leader") of the movement and it became a reference to the dictatorial position
“Triumph of the Will”
o Hitler sought out someone to direct a propaganda film
• Leni Riefenstahl is chosen.
 Did not die until 2002 at the age of 103
 Claims to have no regrets
• Leni joined the Nazi party
• Nuremberg Nazi Party rally (“Congress”) – Sept 1934
o Movie:
• Nazi symbols
• Hitler wants to reinforce the idea that he is a “man of the people”
• Labor Core/Batallion – to get around Treaty of Versailles, which outlawed the military. Trained in a military fashion
• Young people were required to be a part of Hitler’s Youth. Encouraged to spy on their parents
Gleichschaltung
“Bringing into line” - All police (polizei) were commanded by the Gestapo (Nazi)
 Germany had a long, Christian tradition
• Hitler ordered that the Bible must be accompanied by a copy of Mein Kampf and in places of worship, the cross must be crowned by a swatztica
• Secular law- Nazi law - would be supreme over church law
Hitler Youth
Young people required to join. Encouraged to spy on their parents.
Nuremburg Laws
• Nuremburg Decrees
 The beginning of the systematic oppression of Jews
 If you were Jewish and a professor, you were fired. If you were a doctor and Jewish, you were fired.
Concentration Camps
x
Anschluss
• After becoming Chancellor, Hitler begins making plans to take over Austria. When Mussolini is made an ally, he is ready.
 “The Anschluss” 1938
• Tries to bully Austria Prime Minister, Schussnig.
o Negotiations between leaders were typically civil, but not this. Hitler threatens with military power. He demands the Nazi party be treated as superior and that Austria become part of Germany
o Schussnig says Austrian President needed to agree and he couldn’t make the call.
o Austria must agree
• Hitler proclaims the “Anschluss” – forced treaty.
o Austria’s 7 million people are absorbed into the Reich. Divided into provinces.
o March 1928 Hitler parades into Austria one month after treaty.
Kristallnacht
a pogrom (a series of coordinated attacks) against Jews throughout Nazi Germany and parts of Austria on 9–10 November 1938, carried out by SA paramilitary forces and non-Jewish civilians. German authorities looked on without intervening.[1] The name Kristallnacht comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after Jewish-owned stores, buildings, and synagogues had their windows smashed
Munich Conference
(1938)
 Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (UK) and Edouard Daladier (FR). Czechoslovakian PM was there, but kept in another room while the fate of his country was decided.
 Agreement: There would be no war. Hitler would leave the rest of Czechoslovakia alone.
 Chamberlain claims to have brought “The peace of our time” – Hitler and Mussolini never planned to keep agreement.
• One year later, Hitler invades and the country is split and divided between:
o Germany, Poland and Hungary
Rhineland
– Demilitarized. No military or military facilities. Why? French had been invaded through this route many times.
-o Occupation of the Rhineland (1936)
• Treaty of Versailles outlawed military in Rhineland – typically used as a stronghold to invade France.
• U.S. and allies could have fought and taken them out. There were people in Germany ready to overthrow Hitler if he failed. Allies never attacked.
 No punishment for Germany. Hitler looks good and his Generals look stupid for not trusting him.
 Plot to overthrow Hitler ends.
• The beginning of appeasement**
Sudetenland
• Czechoslovakia - (West) – previous had been a part of Germany. Hitler demands land with Ethnic Germans back.
-1938
• Took Sudetenland
Danzing
-o Danzig – “free city,” neutral city, not to be considered territory of either Poland or Germany.

Date-1 September – 6 October 1939 (1 month and 5 days)
Location-Poland and the Free City of Danzig
Result- Decisive Axis and Soviet victory
*Beginning of World War II
Territorial changes-Polish territory divided between Germany, the Soviet Union, Lithuania and Slovakia
Polish Corridor
o Non-Aggression Pact between Germany and Soviet Russia
• Trouble for Poland
• “Polish Corridor”

o “Case White” – Germany plan for invasion of Poland
o Danzig – “free city,” neutral city, not to be considered territory of either Poland or Germany.
Case White
“Case White” – Germany plan for invasion of Poland
Blitzkrieg
• New style of warfare
 Air power
• Ju-88 dive bombers
• 2700 aircrafts committed to the task (Luftwaffe)
 Mechanized land forces
• Panzers
 Predicated on speed and force (“shock & awe”)
U-boats
- a shortening of Unterseeboot, which means "undersea boat"
Panzers
a German language word that means either tank (the military vehicle) or armour.
Wehrmacht
The Wehrmacht was the unified armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945.
It consisted of :
-the Heer (army)
-the Kriegsmarine (navy)
-the Luftwaffe (air force).
Kriegsmarine
the Kriegsmarine (navy)
Luftwaffe
the Luftwaffe (air force).
o Hermann Goering – Second in command to Hitler
• Fighter pilot in WWI
 In charge of Airforce during rearming of Germany (Luftwaffe)
• Called “air clubs” because it was illegal to train pilots. One of Europe’s strongest airforces.