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25 Cards in this Set
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the new philosophy
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by the late 1600s intellectuals in post latin christendom had percieved that there had been a chnage in knowledge since 1500s and they deemed it the new philosphy (philosophy meaning sciences. It produced views of human existance as moving forward - progressivist.
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the scientific revolution
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what historians from the early 20th century called the the new philosophy in retrospect. labeled it as a decisive moment of modern thought
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degenerationist vs. progressivist views of human existence
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degenerists believe that humans are moving backwards in life and that the ancient greeks had reached the highest point of human existance or that adam and eve were the most perfect form of human existance. progressivists believe thathumans are progressing on the whole over time.
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geocentric
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the belief that everything orbits around the earth - believed before the scientific revolution until proved wrong by copernicus in the 1500s
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heliocentric
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belief that the sun is at the center of the universe and the solar system orbits around it. first proposed by copernicus in the 1500s. discredited by the church and went against common experience
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absolutism
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the political theory that argues that a ruler over a realm or state should have absolute power. But the term is used more specifically, and concretely, to refer to political theory that supported the project of state centralization and state-building under monarchs that occurs in Christendom/Europe, from the late 16th through the late 18th centuries. This absolutist political project of monarch-centered state-building and state-centralizing was quite expensive, and taxation in its support was a central factor in the 17th-century English "civil war" and the late 18th-century French Revolution. English and French absolutist political projects were both reactive to the expansion of Hapsburg power, which in turn was heavily financed by silver from New Spain. Louis XIV's famous statement, "L'etat c'est moi" (or 'the state is me'), is often taken as emblematic of absolutism.
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internalist accounts of the history of science and externalist accounts
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Internalist accounts of change in scientific ideas argue that such change occurs from within science itself. For example, an internalist account might claim that a scientific experiment disproved or challenged a previous scientific theory, thereby leading to the rejection of the old theory and the development of a new theory or theories; or alternatively, an internalist account might claim that a great thinker developed a new theory, but again as a result of thinking about scientific problems and data. In general, internalist accounts argue that scientists prefer a new theory for an older one only if the newer theory is better; thus, the general cause of change in scientific thinking is the development of better science. When better science is not developed, this view implies, scientific thinking is unlikely to change. Externalist accounts, by contrast, argue that the social and political context surrounding science effects scientific thinking and the change in scientific thinking in a variety of ways. Some externalist accounts argue that such "external" factors shape the reception and selection for particular research programs; other externalist accounts argue that "external" factors shape the very ideas of science itself.
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allegory
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An allegory is a story that is also about "something else," meaning something other than what a given story is most explicitly or literally about. For example, histories or ethnographic accounts of particular persons often make assumptions about--and thus are also about--human nature more generally. Indeed, since almost all stories suggest other things to their audiences, and since almost everyone who listens to or reads a given story makes connections between it and other matters, almost all stories and readings of them are allegorical. Finally, when a word or phrase tells a story that is not part of its explicit or literal definition, we can speak of that story as an allegory or as an allegorical dimension of the word or phrase.
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class
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The positions in (or the positions defined by distinct relations to) capitalism. At a general level, one can distinguish at least three broad class positions in capitalism: (i) owners and investors, (ii) salaried work supervisors or managers, and (iii) those who do physical labor. More thorough analyses of particular capitalist systems of production will, however, make finer and more specific distinctions of class positions, and it is worth emphasizing that class positions in different capitalist orders will not be exactly the same.
Class is also used in a broader and less historically specific sense to refer to the positions in (or the positions defined by distinct relations to) any system of production, not just capitalist systems of production. When used in this broad and cross-historical way, it is crucial to recognize that different systems of production have very different class positions. The manorial system of production does not have the class positions of the factory system of industrial capitalism, for instance. [And you should be prepared to explain and illustrate this point if you are explaining this key term.] In analyzing class positions (whether in the broader or more historically particular sense), it is often important to pay attention to the ways persons are placed into different class positions, as when persons are positioned in a system of production on the basis of imagined racial identity (to give one example) or on the basis of “merit” (to give a second example). One potential confusion to note is that historians and social scientists sometimes use “class” not to speak about positions in a system of production (or positions in capitalist systems of production, if the term is being used in the narrower sense), but for the set of persons who together occupy a given position |
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millenarians
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believing in religious prophicies of the end of the world and at the millenium, folling the time when christ would rule the world. example: puritans who embraced the new scince because of this reason, believing that there was a sense of ergency and duty to serve god before it was too late
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levelers
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people in england who sought to unify through science which they believed was a divine thing which should spread to everyone
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the royal society
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control of science was put scientific societies with exclusive membership rather than in the hands of the church or commoners. the most famous of these societies. it gained control of the circulation of knowledge through lectures with fees. members also had to pay a fee to join. now an ownership on science - an emphasis on how science would increase pay offs not on social reform
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indentured servants
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slave equivlants from europe who had willingly signed a contract to sign away their freedom in return for passage over to the new world. they eventually became free from the contract but in practice only 2 out of 10 saw their freedom because of mortality rate or debt which would force them to sign another.
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class solidarity
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among the laboring class - ignoring differences of physical appearance and legal status of the free and unfree. rioters were often mixed-race. ended when plantation owners tried to break up mobs by seperating races
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Dutch Republic or united Provinces
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the most prosperous area in europe after its independance in 1610s from the Hapsburgs. grew with its succesful trade in the indies.
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Dutch East India Company (VOC)
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long distance trade form the dutch republic to the east indies funded by investors which successfully challenged portugese trade and then greatly expanded beyond it by the 1620s. had more than double the cargo. eventually it met finite limits of demand and began to build up stock in storage of spices and prices fell as well as profits. the percieved method of capitalism was interrupted and the VOC responeded by diversifiying its goods and creating a new demand for luxury items like tea and coffee.
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legumes
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produce such as peas, beans, and clover which draw nitrogen from the air and deposit it into the soil. needed to keep soil fertile. the native americns used a three sister type of farming - beans, corn, and squash all growing in the same field to keep soil good.
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fallow
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an iberian growing concept where they would divide field into 3 parts, leaving one fallow so that natuarally growing legumes could insert nutrients into the soil. was not as sucessful as dutch way - used all three parts of field, but purposefully planted legumes in one and harvested them, rotating part of field every year
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crop rotation
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dutch way - used all three parts of field, but purposefully planted legumes in one and harvested them, rotating part of field every year. more successful than iberian way of planting
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cheese and tulips
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dutch farmers stopped substinence growing and began producing luxury items such as cheese and tulips, creating the new bourgoise farmer. a shift that required high rates of initial profit and specialized labor. had to begin importing wheat from eastern europe where it was being produced very cheaply because of the use of unfree labor
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capital
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the requirement of a high rate of initial investment in order to yield high profits later on. seen in the production of luxury goods such as cheese and tulips.
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monitization
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shift to a system of exchanges done in monetary terms and with things having monetary values. seen in dutch with dissaperance of peasants and rise of wage workers due to rise in luxury good production
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fashion system
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example of tulips - tulips began as a novelty item only affordable to the wealthy - was a status symbol. eventually taste for tulips spread down social ladder, wealthy then decided they needed new distinctive and rare varieties of tulips which created a cycle of consumption called the fashion system
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target income
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the system where households were not trying to make a profit but to meet substinenece needs, they would not exceed the finite amount which was anchored to social status. if the target income was met, they stopped working, if it hadnt been, they worked harder.
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the new industriousness
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a slow shift from 1400-1700 of people working less for target income and more for a profit/money. people began to consume a much wider variety of things (tulips, sugar, coffee, silver belt buckles). at the end of the period, people had a wider range of stuff but their subsistance stayed the same or declined. a precursor to the industrial revolution.
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