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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Types Weapons of Mass Destruction |
Nuclear Biological Chemical |
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Types of Nuclear Weapons |
Fission Fusion Delivery Systems: Ballistic and Cruise Missiles Strategic and Tactical |
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Nuclear Strategy |
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) |
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Suggestions for a better Nuclear Policy |
1. Declare Sole purpose as determent 2. Change Rapid Response from Minutes to Days 3. Eliminate Pre Set Targeting Plans 4. Reduce Arsenal to less than 100 Warheads 5. halt all new program development 6. commit to no new testing 7. cut back on missile defense budget |
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Attempts to Control Arms and Reduce Proliferation |
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) U.S.-Russian Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT) Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) |
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Chemical and Biological Weapons |
Can be protected against but the gear is cumbersome indiscriminate in Targets |
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Bans |
Use Banned at Geneva Convention Production, Storage and Transfer banned in 1972 biological Weapons Convention and 1992 Chemical Weapons Convention |
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International Organizations |
Supranatural: subsume a number of states and their functions within a larger whole A play between nationalism and supranationalism |
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Role of International Organizations |
States work together by following rules to govern their interactions These rules are rooted in norms-> insitutionalized-> Gain legitimacy |
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Types |
IGOs: NGOs -economic/business related -political -cultural -religious |
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United Nations |
Purpose: To provide a global institutional structure for conflict resolution w/out force charter: - states are equal under international law -states have full sovereignty - states and full independent and territorial integrity - states should carry out international obligations Structure: General Assembly, Security Council, Secretariat, World Court |
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International Law |
No legislative branch or central authority, but treaties, customs, general principles and legal scholarship grey areas enforcement is difficult and based on reciprocity |
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International Court of Justice |
- 15 judges sit in The Hague, Netherlands - open only to states - only a third of UN states have signed the optional clause giving the Court jurisdiction over them - main use: arbitration |
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National Courts |
- some parties choose to sue in national courts because its enforceable and open to individuals -limits: immigration laws and extradition |
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Laws of Diplomacy |
- sacrosanct: recognition and immunity - breaking diplomatic relations is symbolic |
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Just War Doctrine |
- laws of war - just wars v. wars of aggression |
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Human rights |
- idea of human rights conflicts with sovereignty - no consensus on most important rights - universalism v. relativism - stems from religion, philosophy and natural law |
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Civil-Political Rights |
Free Speech, freedom of religion, equal protection under the law |
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Economic-Social Rights |
Rights to good living conditions, food, health care, social security, education |
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Human Rights Institutions |
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights: UN General Assembly, 1948 - seven further treaties to further define protections of human rights - NGOs: Amnesty International |
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War Crimes |
- serious violations of human rights in war - can be prosecuted by International Criminal Court - new problems: private military forces, new types of war |
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Mercantilism |
- like realists, mercantilist espouse relative power and protection of self-interest - economic transactions have military implications -emphasize conflicting interests in economic exchanges -aim for a trade surplus at all times |
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Economic Liberalism |
- believe states can mutually benefit from economic exchanges-> reinforced by institutions, norms and interdependence - emphasize shared interests in economic exchanges - main goal of economic policy: maximization of total wealth through achieving optimal efficiency - because of comparative (vs. absolute) advantage -> trade can benefit both parties - minimal governmental role |
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Political interference in Markets |
- Often justified on "market imperfection" grounds-> monopoly, oligopoly or cartel; externatilities - but generally just an excuse for protectionism |
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Protectionism |
- distorting free markets for the short-term advantage of a state - motivations: domestic interest groups, infant industry argument, national security, defensive - methods |
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World Trade Organization (WTO) |
- developed from GATT - most-favored nation principle - rounds of negotiations: Uruguay, Doha |
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Bilateral and Regional Agreements |
- free trade areas vs. customs unions - North American Free Trade Agreement - Southern Cone Common Market |
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Issue Areas that are growing in importance |
- Intellectual Property Rights -Service Sector - Arms Trade - Illicit Trade - Enforcement of Trade Rules - Resistance to Trade |
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Environment Expounded |
- some fear the inability to restrict imports that may harm their own or the external environment -> fear countries will cut environmental standards in a "Race to the bottom" to compete -but there has been little evidence of a race to bottom - increased in FDI/trade has often led to improved environmental regulation - recent WTO appellate decisions have not been "unfair" |
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Labor Expounded |
- some fear a race to the bottom and oppose poor working conditions/wages in many developing countries - but again, there is little evidence of race to bottom |
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Protectionism has Substantial Costs |
- fewer economies of scale - reduces competition and innovation - costs are often understated because the secondary effect on other industries is rarely taken into account - bureaucratic costs of enforcement are large - a reduction in imports leads to a reduction in exports - low income categories are hurt more - protectionism is often manipulated by special interests |
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The evolving world economy |
- industrial revolution expanded in tandem with free trade - after Great Depression, Keynesian economics took precedence - after WWII, more liberal approach in the West under US leadership - must of the East remained centrally planned - now: most states are mixed economies and the financial market is globally integrated |
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Exchange Rates |
- an exchange rate is simply the rate/price at which currencies are traded -> it depends on the type of currency system: fixed, pure floating or managed floating - currencies are traded in international currency markets |
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players in the world of international money markets |
central banks: control money supply through reserve rules, bond sales and discount rates - individual and institutional traders |
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Floating rates |
- floating rate currencies are determined by the market - causes of rise/fall : tastes and preferences, interest rates and inflation, speculation - benefits: can help ease a trade surplus/ deficit, governments can use monetary policy to stimulate the economy or fight inflation - costs: exchange rate volatility |
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Fixed Exchange Rates |
- when the government fixes/pegs the exchange rate - in order to do this it needs lots of foreign reserves and stable inflows/outflows of money - maintaining an unrealistic peg is costly |
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The World Bank and the International monetary Fund (IMF) |
- part of Bretton Woods system - World Bank started as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) - "lending to finance infrastructure development and other projects that will facilitate economic developement" - IMF coordinates international currency exchange, the balance of international payments and national accounts - Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) - votes are weighted according to countries' contributions |
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National Accounts |
- statistics tracking a states monetary position - a country's balance of payments includes the current account, the financial account, the capital account and changes in foreign exchange reserves |
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International Debt |
- a country's debt can be caused by a sustained trade deficit or government deficit spending - managing debt requires prudent fiscal and monetary policy |
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Multinational Corporations (MNCs) |
- about 82,000 worldwide, account for a third of world trade - operate in many countries, often with integrated production chains - include manufacturing, financial and service firms - opposing views - reality: contribute to global interdependence -> have a stake in an efficient international financial system |
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Foreign Direct Investment |
- in contrast to portfolio investment, FDI invovles a real physical presence in the host country - more stable and better for development than portfolio investment - one of the most important benefits of FDI is technology transfer -sometimes conflict arises between host countries and MNCs - occasionally conflict between MNCs and their home country - today most host countries welcome FDI, although restrictions are still common |
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Integration |
Process by which supranational institutions replace national ones - the gradual shifting upward of sovereignty from state to regional or global structures |
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Functionalism |
- erosion of state sovereignty through increasing importance of knowledge, scientists and experts in the process of policy-making - costs of integration |
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Globalization and the power of information |
- global telecommunications are "profoundly changing how information and culture function in international relations" - communities can now interact across distances and borders -> implications for identity -> new avenues of expression that often transcend national borders - identity still predominantly national, but people have begun to participate in global communities - debate over whether the emerging global culture is dominated by the US and the West |
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Information as the tool of governments |
- new technology makes it easier for governments to gather, organize and store huge amounts of information - also makes it harder to hide information from other governments - most governments create explicit channels of information dissemination to influence domestic and international audiences |
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Information as a tool against governments |
- used by foreign governments, NGOs, domestic political opponents - many governments, especially repressive ones try to limit the free flow of unfavorable information |
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Interdependence and the Environment |
- global environmental threats highlight interdependence - states' actions have externalities-> create a collective goods problem - example of "tragedy of the commons" - global commons problem complicated by a large number of actors - important part of solution: regimes based on reciprocity and epistemic communities |
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Sustainable Development |
- economic growth that "does not deplete resources and destroy ecosystems so quickly that the basis of that economic growth is itself undermined" - 1992 Earth Summit: large developing countries promised to industrialize in a sustainable way, a Commision on Sustainable Development is supposed to monitor states' compliance |
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The Atmosphere |
- global warming: various goals set at the 1992 Earth Summit and in 1997 Kyoto Protocol, but few achieved - ozone depletion: 1987 Montreal Protocol reducing CFCs: "most important success yet achieved in international negotiations to preserve the global environment" |
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Biodiversity |
- 1992 earth summit treaty on protecting habitats and compensating poor countries - > 189 countries signed by 2007 |
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Forests, oceans and water |
- Rain forests: largest tracts in poor states who benefit more in the short term from exploitation - Oceans: UN Convention on the Law of the SEA (UNCLOS) governs both high seas and territorial waters - Water Supplies -> often cross state boundaries and cause many disputes |
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Population |
- Thomas Malthus's prediction: when the population increases faster than the food supply -> famine and disease -> population growth is self-limiting - Malthusian predictions tend to be offset by technology, which allows greater agricultural productivity |
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The Demographic Transition |
Agrarian, pre-industrial societies -> high birth and death rates -> slow growth - Industrialization -> death rates fall as food supplies increase and access to health care expands -> rapid growth - Post industrialization -> birth rates fall as people become education, mroe secure, more urbanized -> slow growth |
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Population Policies |
- Regarding Birth Control: China at one extreme -> one child per couple, pronationalists at other extreme- > encourage or force childbearing, limit access to contraception - most important factor is women's status |
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Disease |
- have an impact on populations, especially in the poorest countries-> high infant mortality rate, HIV/AIDS , other infections diseases - developed countries are more affected by smoking and obesity |
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The North-South Gap |
- Most people live in the "global south", "third world", "developing countries" - Key Issues: hunger, urbanization, migration (voluntary v. refugees) |
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Conflicting Perspectives on How to Shrink the Gap |
- Capitalist Perspective: emphasize efficiency and growth will be maximized -> more wealth creation can happen in both North and South - Socialist Perspective: emphasize state-led redistribution, rather than the creation of wealth -> the creation of wealth in North at the expense of the South |
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World-System View |
- Key Figure: Wallerstein - Marxist in orientation - capitalist world economy has led to regional class divisions - third world regions mostly farm/extract raw materials (periphery) - industrialized regions mostly manufacture goods (core) - class struggle between core and periphery |
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Imperialism |
- picked up pace in 15th century with development of oceangoing sailing ships (first Portugal, then Spain, France and Britain) - particularly influential from 16th to mid-20th century - decolonization in 20th, especially after WW2 - various methods to independence - economic implications are both negative and positive - history of having been colonized by Europeans is central to many states national identity and foreign policy |
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Postcolonical Dependency |
- Many Former Colonies have made little progress in accumulation: inadequate technical and administrative skills, narrow export economies, European-constructed borders not along ethnic lines, neocolonialism - Dependency theory: country cannot sustain capital accumulation on its own but is supported by elites or foreigners-> enclave economy, penetration of economies by MNCs |
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Economic Development |
in order to find ways to 'close the gap' mainstream economists prefer to look at country evidence, rather than the world systems view and dependency theories - case studies can help understand economic development: a complex process involving capital accumulation, rising per capita incomes, increasing skills and adoption of new technology |
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China |
- after Deng Xiaoping succeeded MAo he introduced market based reforms - the resultant rapid economic growth led to positive and negative consequences - still a strong state role - achieved membership in WTO and more prestige in international system - debate over whether China's success can be replicated in the rest of global South |
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India |
- for decades, economy has been based loosely on socialism: state control of large industries and private capitalism in the agriculture and consumer goods market - recent reforms have led to more growth but still inadequate - niche in world economy is in service and information sectors |
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Newly Industrializing Colonies |
- most successful have been the four tigers - South Korea and Taiwan have followed a more state-led and Hong Kong and Singapore a more market led approach - all been fairly 'open' and have high rates of saving - other East Asian countries have attempted to follow suit - no single model of success emerges - as such, debates continue as to what is critical to growth |
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Debates |
Import Substitution: development of local industries to produce items that a country has been importing vs. Export-led growth: development of industries that can compete in specific niches in the world economy |
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How much does society need to save |
- need to redirect short term consumption spending to long term investment - BUT also need consumer demand to foster a middle class and prevent poor from becoming too frustrated - investment is critical, but saving can be balanced with seed capital from other sources: foreign investment or loans, start out in low-capital industries, microcredit has also proved successful in some countries |
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The Role of the State |
- an area of heated debate - examples of success and failure in states with both weak and strong industrial policy |
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Corruption |
- a negative factor in economic development - more prevalent with a large government sector - not limited to the global South, but poverty makes it more likely - Transparency International: a Berlin-based NGO published annual surveys showing most corrupt countries |
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Foreign Direct Investment |
- Investment in capital goods for foreigners - many governments in global South fear loss of control that comes with foreign investments -> joint ventures, other restrictions - important role in technology transfer |
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Debt |
- borrowing money to fund accumulation - advantages: no short term costs, government can spend the cash the way it wants to - disadvantages: constant drain on surplus, can lead to debt spiral and default - defaults require lengthy renegotiation and restructure - for lenders, debt renegotiations involve a collective goods problem |
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Aid |
- major source of funds for various humanitarian, political, military and economic needs - majority comes from governments in the North - aid can be bilateral and multilateral - types - US programs include USAID and the Peace Coprts - UN programs (UN Development Program, WHO, UNICEF) - three basic models of assistance |
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Disaster Relief Model |
- after a famine, drought, earthquake, flood or war - short-term relief - has become more organized and better coordinated |
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Handout Model |
- projects in local communities to help meet basic needs - short-term assistance, not sustained local development |
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Oxfam Model |
- private charitable group Oxfam America: one of seven groups worldwide descended from the Oxford Committee on Famie Relief - uses local people to determine needs and implement programs-> providing the funding - helps empower local groups but can be abused - debate over whether it can be replicated on a larger scale |
