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192 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What percentage of Earth is Water?
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71%
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Phases of Oceanography
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I)Food, Transportation, Trade
II)Exploration & Conquest III)Settlement of Colonies & Mail route |
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What is the 1st Charted Oceanic Vessille?
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The Challenger
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In WWII Who is Credited with Beginning Deep Sea Exploration?
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William Beebe w/ the Bathysphere
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In WWI & II What was an Important Oceanographic Technique?
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Sonar Depth Recorders
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What is the barrier that keeps ocean water from being a viable source of drinking water?
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Cost & Impracticality
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Sea is a Potential Source for what?
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Gold
Manganese Diamonds Nickel |
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Most Common Way to Get Electricity from Ocean...
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Tidal Energy Conversion w/ Turbines
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Most Accepted Earth Creation Theory...
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Big Bang Theory
-1 Major Explosion, Expanding Universe |
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What is the Oscillation Theory?
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A Series of Explosions/Contractions (Black Holes)
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What Composed the Earths Earliest Atmosphere?
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Methane
Ammonia Water Vapor |
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What is the Most Abundant Gas in the World?
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Nitrogen
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Why was Oxygen Not Present in Early Earth Atmosphere?
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It would of Destroyed Early Life
Black Rocks are Evidence |
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What Could Have Converted the Early Atmosphere to the Current?
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-Comet Ice
-Chemical Dissociation: Could be reason for large amount of water on earth -Outgassing |
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3 Proposed Possible Origins of Life
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Miraculous Creation
Extra Terrestrial Origin Chemical Development |
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What Hemisphere has the Greatest Amount of Water?
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Southern
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What Ocean is the Largest?
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Pacific Ocean
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What Ocean is Warmest?
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Atlantic Ocean
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What Ocean is the Deepest & Coldest?
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Pacific Ocean
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What Ocean is only Separated by Ocean Currents/
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Antarctic Ocean
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Deepest Place in Any Ocean?
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Marianas Trench
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What are Submarine Canyons?
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V-Shaped River like Depressions that Cut through the Continental Slope by Turbidity Currents
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How is the Continental Rise made?
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Layered Sediments Deposited by Turbidity Currents from Submarine Sediment Fans
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What is the Continental Shelf?
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Broad Relatively Flat Area Next to a Continent
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What is the Continental Slope?
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Area of the Continental Terrace w/ the Greatest Angle
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What is the Continental Rise?
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Area adjacent to the Continental terrace where Submarine Fan Deposit Occur
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Most of the Ocean Floor is called the...
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Abyssal Plain
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What does the Mantle of the earth behave like?
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Silly Putty
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What is the Outer Core of the Earths Mantle formed of?
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Nickel
Iron |
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Who is given Credit for attempting to popularize the Continental Drift & what was it based on?
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Alfred Wegener
Based on Study of Fossils & Climate |
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Who said that the Pacific Ocean was pulled out of the Earths Crust by the Moon?
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George Darwin
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What is the Continental Drift Supported by?
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Similarity of Fossils found from Antarctica & South America
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2 Biggest Problems of Early Supporters of the Continental Drift had explaining...
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Mechanism/Politics
National Intrest During War |
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What was Pangaea?
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Super Continent that contained all Continents in Northern & Southern Hemispheres
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How Old are the Oldest Rocks on the Ocean Floor?
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Approximately 200 million yrs old
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What is the Plate Tectonic Theory?
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Its States that New Crust is being Produced at the Ridges
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Where are the Most Dense Rocks on the Sea Floor found?
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At the Ridges
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What is the Driving Forces (Mechanisms) for Plate Tectonics?
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Drag of Downgoing Slabs & Convection Cells in the Earths Mantle
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What is the Most Important Classification of Clastic Rocks?
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Grain Size
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What Deposits Result in the Best Sorting?
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Wind Deposits
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Cross-Bedding of Sediments indicates that Rocks were Deposited in what?
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Water or Ice
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Sand Grains that have been Pitted or "frosted" indicates deposition by what?
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Wind
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What Sediments Occur in Shallow Water by a Continent?
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Evaporites
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What are the Most Common Lithogenic Sediments found on Abyssal Plain?
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Red Clay
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What are the Most Common Sediments that Occur on Continental Rise?
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Terrigenous Clastics
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Most Common Hydrogenic Sediment that Occurs on Abyssal Plain?
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Foraminferal Oozes that Occur above CCD, <3000-4000m
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Most Common Biogenic Sediment that Occur Abyssal Plain?
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Diatom Oozes Below CCD
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What kind of Molecule is Water?
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Dipolar
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Waters Structure Relates to its Ability to what?
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Absorb a lot of heat w/ little temperature change
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What can be used to Determine Salinity?
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Refractometer
Hydrometer Conductivity Meter Chlorinity |
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What are 2 Major Chemical Elements in Water?
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Calcium
Dicarbonate |
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What is the Average Ocean Salinity?
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35 ppt
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Where does the Greatest Variation in Salinity Occur?
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Near Coasts & Shallow Waters
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Under Any High Control or Shallow Water how does Carbonate & Silica Respond?
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Carbonate Precipitates
Silica Dissolves |
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Under Any Low Control or Deep Water how does Carbonate & Silica Respond?
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Carbonate Dissolves
Silica Precipitates |
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What is Average Ocean pH?
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7.8 to 8.4
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What affects Water Density?
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Temperature
Salinity Pressure/Depth |
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Water Density always has a value near what?
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1gm/cm^3
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What would be an Unstable Condition of Water?
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Dense Water on top of Less Dense
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Maximum Density of Salt Water occurs at what temperature?
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5 Degrees Celsius
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What is the Pynocline?
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Region of Maximum Density Change
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Where does the thermal equator lie in the summer?
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10 degrees N of equator
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Where does the Oxygen Minimum Occur?
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600m
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What is hard to determine about sound in water?
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Direction
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In tropical Climates the Water Temp. in a Stable Temp. Profile will be...
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Higher than the Thermocline & Higher than the Bottom Water
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What is the first Color Absorbed by Sea Water?
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Red
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What Direction Does Water Move in Southern Hemisphere?
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Counter-Clockwise
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What Current flows North to South in N. Atlantic Ocean?
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Canary Current
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What Current flows from East to West in N. Atlantic Ocean?
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Equatorial Current
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Formation of Rings in the Gulf Stream is most closely related to...
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Meanders
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What causes El Nino-Southern Oscilation?
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Lack of Upwelling along California
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The Ekmann Spiral is most related to what?
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Deep Ocean Currents
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Long Lines of Sea Weed floating on the Surface of Ocean from Water movement is due to...
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Lengmuir Circulation
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Water masses may be identified by what 2 things?
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Salinity
Temperature |
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Rapid Seaward Movement of Water along a Coast is protected by Sand is called...
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A Rip Current
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Progressive Waves move in a what direction?
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Outward Direction
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What does Celerity of a Wave mean?
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The speed
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What kind of Wave Moves only Up & Down w/ no Direction?
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Seiches or Standing Waves
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What are Breakers caused by?
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Shallow Water
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How do Water Particles move in Deep Water Waves?
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Circular/Oval
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What contributes to maximum wave height in open ocean?
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Fetch (Distance)
Force Duration |
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What are tsunamis caused by?
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Earthquakes
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What depth can you find chop?
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Depths less than 1/20 L
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Refraction of Waves along shorelines is caused by what?
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Longshore Currents
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Centrifugal Force is very important in determining what?
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Tides
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Diffraction Waves along shorelines cause what?
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Sedimentation
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Reflection of Waves along shorelines cause what?
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Erosion
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How do offshore tsunamis move?
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Fast speeds with low wave heights
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What has been the most effective way to harvest electric power from ocean?
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Tides
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Diurnal tides have what?
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1 low tide and 1 high tide
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Maximum Tidal Range Occurs when?
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Spring tides
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What is a Berm?
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High point on a beach profile that makes the division b/w the back & foreshore
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What is a Spit?
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Extension of beach that curves into a bay, but does not completely close off the bay mouth
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What is a notch?
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Erosional Area at the Base of a Wave Cut Cliff
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What are 3 man-made structures that have been used to alter coastal areas?
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Groins, Sea Walls, & Jetties
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What is a Major Control on Marine Life?
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Light
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What is a Nekton?
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Plant/Animal that swims through water
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What is a Sessile Epifaunal Critter?
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Critter attached to the surface substrate
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Sea Cucumbers are what type of Feeders?
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Deposit
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True Algae (Not Cyanobacteria) are classified w/ 2 different Kingdoms...
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Plantae
Protista (Protoctista) |
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Where are Nematocysts found?
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Cnideria
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Sea Lilies have what kind of a system?
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Water Vascular System
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What are Pinacocytes and who has them?
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Sponges (Porifera) and there the equivalent of epidermas
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Sea Squirts are Chordata's and closely related to whom?
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Tunicates (Vertbraes)
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Where are spicules found?
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Porifera
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What are Pogonophorids?
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Unusual type of Worm
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Are Sea Cucumbers and Starfish classified in the same phylum?
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Yes, Echinodermata
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Medusa is floating form of what?
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Cnideria
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Cyanobacteria are members of what kingdom?
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Monera (Bacteria)
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Dinoflagellates & Coccoliths are members of what kingdom?
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Protista (protoctista)
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What phylum contains segmented worms?
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Annelida
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What are Bryozoa? Who are they related to?
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Moss Animals (Ectoprocta)
Phoronoids & Brachiopods |
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Phylum Porifera includes what?
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Sponges
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Phylum Arthropoda includes what?
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Isopods
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What is the most common name for brachiopods?
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Lamp Shells
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How do Scallops Move?
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Water Jet Propulsion from Mantle Cavity
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A turtle is an Example of a marine...
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Reptile
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A ray is a member of...
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Chondrichthyes
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Anthozoa is a ___ class that has no ___ form?
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Cnidarian Class
No Medusa |
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Portuguese Man O' War is in what class?
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Hydrozoa
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A Coral is a member of what class?
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Hydrozoa
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A Sea Anemone is a member of what class?
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Anthozoa
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A squid belongs to what class?
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Cephalopada
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Snails are a member of what class?
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Gastropoda
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How does the class Cephalopoda move?
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Jet Propulsion
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What is the common name for Crinozoans (crinoids)?
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Sea Lily
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What is a starfish's phylum and class?
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Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Asteroidea |
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Sea Horses are in what Class?
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Osteichthyes; Bony Fish
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In a sponge what are the top and side holes for?
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Side Holes let Water in
Top hole lets water out |
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Mangroves are examples of what?
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Marine trees
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What is the easiest/most realistic way to show relationships b/w critters?
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Food Web
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Rocky Shore Communities must adapt to what?
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Variable Salinity, Temperature, & Moisture
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What are deep water fish characteristics?
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Big head w/ skinny long bodies
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Where are chemotrophic organisms most found?
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deep water communities
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What is a reef?
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Organic (Plant/Animal) structure that has wave resistence
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What is an Atoll?
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Circular reef with a central lagoon & no island
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What Coral is most likely to occur in deep water?
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Flat Plate Corals
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What contains reef cementers?
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Sponges
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A Manatee is a marine what?
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Mammal
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What community is a juvenile fish most likely to live in?
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Lagoon
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Continental Crust has what?
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Slilicate Rich in Aluminum (SIAL)
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Oceanic Crust has what?
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Silicate Rich in Magnesium & Iron (SIMA)
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Concerning cross bedding how are wind and water similar?
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They go in the same direction
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A lunar day is how much longer or shorter than a normal day?
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50 Min Longer
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How many days in a lunar month?
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29.53 Days
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When is the minimal tidal range?
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Neap Tides
1st & 3rd Quarter Moon |
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What is Charles Babbages' touring machines?
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Machines to develop tides
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Refraction has what nearshore wave action?
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Longshore Currents
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Restriction has what nearshore wave action?
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Rip Currents
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Benthos Motile are what?
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On ground but mobile
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Sponge is a what feeder?
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Filter
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Stromatolites are...?
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Green Bacteria
Cyanabacterium |
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Stromatolites do what? and have no what?
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Hold sediment together
no nucleus |
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Kingdom Protoctista are...
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One-celled eukaryotic plants and animals
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Kingdom Protoctista has what phylums?
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Chryophyta: Golden Algae
Pyrrhophyta: Flame Algae - Dinoflagellates |
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Kingdom Protoctista
Phylum Chrysophyta What Classes? |
Diatoms - Silica
Coccolithophores - spherical test of calcite plates |
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Kingdom Protoctista
Phylum Protozoa What order? |
Radiolaria - silica test, capsular membrane, classification
Contains: Spumellarians & Nasselarians |
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What are totipotent cells?
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Same as stem cells
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Phylum Porifera has what cell types?
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Pinacocytes, Choanocytes, Amoeboid Cells
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Phylum Cnideria has what general characteristics?
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Cell layers, medusa & polyp, nematocysts (stinging cells)
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Phylum Cnideria has what classes?
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Scyphozoa
Hydrozoa Cubozoa Anthozoa |
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Class Scyphozoa is what animal and emphasizes what?
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True jellyfish
Emphasize Medusa & Short Life Polyp |
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Class Hydrozoa is what animal and emphasizes what?
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Fire Corals & Portuguese Man O' War
Emphasize Polp, Short Life Medusa |
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Class Cubozoa is what animal and emphasizes what?
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Sea Wasps and Cubos
Emphasize medusa only |
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Class Anthozoa is what animal and emphasize what?
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Black Corals, Sea Fans, Sea Anemones, Hard Corals
Emphasize Polyp Only |
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Phylum Annelida is what animal?
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Segmented Worms
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Phylum Pogonophora is what animal and what characteristics?
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Vent Worms
No digestive system, chemotrophic Deep Water/Oceanic Ridges |
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Phylum Phoronida is what animal and has what characteristics?
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Tube Worms
Horshoe Sessile, Colonial, Non-Segmented Lophophore; organic tube w/ sediment |
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Phylum Phoronida is most related to what?
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Bryozoa & Brachiopods
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Phylum Broyozoa are what animal and have what characteristics?
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Moss Animals
complete digestive system |
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Whom is Phylum Broyozoa related to?
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Phoronids, Brachiopods
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Phylum Mollusca has what important class? and animal
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Scaphopoda
tusk shells |
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Whom is Phylum Mollsca related to?
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Annelids
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Phylum Mollusca has what characteristics?
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head, foot, & mantle
Circulatory, Excretory, Nervous, & Reproductive System |
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Kiten is a type of what?
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Mollusk
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Phylum Gastropoda is what animal & what characteristics?
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Snails
Coiling & Tortion Plus Reduction |
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What class are most marine snails?
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Sorbeoconchia
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Pteropods & Nudibranchs are what class?
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Opisthobranchs
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Phylum Bivalvia is what animal?
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Pelecypoda
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Phlylum Bivalvia has what features and what critters?
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Compression, 2 Valves, Muscle Head
Scallop, Mussel, Oyster, Clam |
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Class Cephalopoda has what characteristics and critters?
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Use water jet to move
shell, siphuncle, chambers, hyponome, tentacles Nautilus, Squid, Octipus |
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Phylum Arthropoda has what characteristics and critter?
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Paired, Jointed Appendages, Functional Regions, Exoskeleton
Barnacles |
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Phylum Echinodermata has what characteristics and classes?
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Water Vascular System, 5-Fold Radial Symmetry
Asterozoa Crinozoa Echinozoa |
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Class Crinoidea has what critter?
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Sea Lily
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Class Echinoidea has what critters?
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Sand Dollar, Sea Urchin
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Class Holothuroidea has what critter?
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Sea Cucumber
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Class Asteroidea has what critters?
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Common Star Fish
Sea Bat |
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Class Ophiuroidea has what critters?
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Brittle & Basket Star
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Subphylum Tunicata is in what phylum?
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Chordata
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Subphylum Tunicata has what characteristics and critters?
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Lowest of vertebrae; have backbone look like sponge
Larva like Tadpole, SEA SQUIRTS, Ascidians |
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Chondrichthyes have what animals?
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Sharks, Rays
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Osteichthyes have what characteristic? and what animals?
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True Backbone
Sea Horses, Eels, Grunt Fish |
