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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reformation |
Causes: questioning authority of the pope; protesting against indulgences and other church corruption; spreading belief that the Bible should be at the center of religious worship-- not tradition Effects: Some areas became very strict and moralistic, bare bones church architecture, breaking away from Catholicism |
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Counter Reformation |
Catholic Church's response to the Reformation Pope Paul III called the Council of Trent-- met a number of times to rebuke some of the ideas of the Protestants... especially their questioning of the doctrines and the sacraments and belief that faith and grace were paramount. Catholic Church reformed the training of clergy, outlawed nepotism and fancy living, tried to weed out corruption and excess of Renaissance. |
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Council of Trent |
Response to the Protestant Reformation; addressed nearly every doctrinal complaint of the Protestants by clearly defining Catholic doctrine. They settled on final Nicene Creed and on the exact cannon of Old and New Testament, limited the sacraments to 7... |
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Causes of the Age of Exploration |
- Gold and Glory: Wanted to discover riches in foreign lands and find an efficient sea route to Asia - God: Wanted to spread Christianity - Renaissance Spirit: Wanted to test limits of humanity - Technological Developments (better ships, use of astrolabe and compass) made exploration easier |
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Effects of the Age of Exploration |
- Europeans learned more about geography and navigation - Portuguese began building plantations in West Africa - efficient routes to India found (Vasco da Gama) - Conquest of Americas - conquest of the Aztecs and the Inca (the latter by Pizarro) |
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Line of Demarcation |
The Line of Demarcation between Spanish and Portuguese territory was first defined by Pope Alexander VI (1493) and was later revised by the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494). Spain won control of lands discovered west of the line, while Portugal gained rights to new lands to the east. |
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Atahualpa |
Last independent Incan emperor (1532–1533), who defeated his half-brother Huáscar (1532) and briefly reunited the empire after years of civil war. He was captured by the Spaniards, convicted of plotting against Pizarro, and executed by garrote despite his agreement to a vast ransom |
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Inca Empire |
- totalitarian, 13 kings, conquest and peaceful assimilation - Cuzco was center of empire-- sophisticated water works, agriculture, engineering projects, textiles, tiles - 100 years - Lots of local religious ideas, focus-- Huacas-- sacred sights |
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Causes of British Imperialism in the 19th and early 20th Centuries |
- industrial revolution spurred conquest with the need for raw materials and the creation of more sophisticated weapons with which to secure those materials - create new markets for their goods - claim lands for a growing population - racism (belief that British were the most superior people on earth |
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Decolonization: causes |
- The Atlantic Charter-- allies agreed that if they won WWII folks had a right to self-governance; -GB and France too militarily exhausted after wars to fight with their colonies and the colonies were ready for a fight; - 2 new superpowers (USSR and US) opposed colonial rule |
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Decolonization: effects |
- some new nations had no idea how to run a country, and no tools with which to run it-- so result was poverty, civil war, frequent leadership changes - Independence (obvs) - new nations forced to trade raw materials (commodities) for manufactured goods, so vulnerable to market changes |
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Causes of WWI |
- assignation of Archduke Franz Ferdinand - system of alliances in EU whereby an attack on one nation is an attack on all the allies - nations had growing militaries and had increased military spending... also nationalism - disagreements over Morocco and Austria's annexation of Bosnia - competing interests in taking over the lands of the weakening Ottoman empire. |
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Effects of WWI |
- partitioning of the Ottoman Empire and Middle East among GB, Fra - Split up of Austria-Hungary into several smaller nations - Treaty of Versailles: Germany must pay reparations to allies - fall of Tsarist Russia - GB is in loads of debt-- lent money to Fra., Rus, and Italy during the war, and they can't repay... GB owes lots of $ to US-- loses Empire, not ready for WWII - German narrative that they lost WWI "because of Jewish spies" |
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Causes of WWII |
Long Term: tensions not resolved by WWI Shorter Term: Italian fascism, Japan's invasions of China in the 1930's, Rise of Nazi party in Germany - GB and Fr declared war on Germany after Germany invaded Poland - war reparations became unbearable after Great Depression - Nazi rhetoric borrowed from Manifest Destiny-- go east, eliminate Untermensch and take their lands - Ger ignored treaty of Versailles and League of Nations did little to enforce it |
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Effects of WWII |
UN created; USA and USSR emerge as superpowers and Cold War begins; Ger divided into 4 blocks; Marshall Plan used to help Western EU rebuild, but Eastern Block under USSR rejected the plan; Decolonization; EU coal and steel community increased economic ties between Ger and Fr; immediately afterward millions were homeless and the countries were economically devistated |
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American Involvement in WWII |
1. initially neutral, then begins to give aid to GB and the allies 2. attack on Pearl Harbor (expected attack in SE Asia, not HI 3. Japan declares war on US, US and GB declare war on Japan... then Ger and Ita declare war on US 4. D-Day 5. Germany surrender, conference at Yalta 6. Atomic bombs dropped on Japan |
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Nelson Mandela |
- fought to end apartheid in South Africa through both peaceful and violent means - jailed for 27 years - when freed in 1990, negotiated for an end to apartheid - 1st black president of South Africa |
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How is Political Islam related to the spread and fall of communism? |
- b/w WWI and 1960 communist groups helped Islamic nationalists form movements - reaction against western imperialism and the corruption of their own elite - Lenin and Bolsheviks offered Afghanistan help in fighting off GB, offered to become trading partners - later, many worked to throw off comm. governments in places like Indonesia - Islamists recruited to fight off left leaning communists in Egypt |
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Suez Canal |
- connects Mediterranean and Red seas - 1869, improved in the 1990's - allows ships to pass from Asia to Med. without having to go around Africa - 1956: Suez Crisis-- Israel, GB and Fr invaded Egypt via the canal and tried to remove their president... US, UN, USSR forced invaders to withdraw |
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Latin American Wars of Independence |
-- 18th and 19th centuries - Inspired by American and French Revs - Resulted in the formation of many new nations, the loss of territory by Spain, Portugal and France - Enlightenment spurred desire for social and economic reform throughout - Fr had taken over Portugal and Spain-- disrupting the political stability of those two nations |
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Mexican War for Independence |
- Miguel Hidalgo-- priest who began the rebellion after the "Grito de Deolores"-- a planned revolt against Spain in which a number of people were arrested-- Sept 16, 1810 - M.H. arranged for those people to be freed, rang the church bells, and called on his congregation to rebel. Beginning of the rev. - Mexico gained independence in 1821 |
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Impacts/Examples of totalitarianism in 20th Century |
- Hitler and Germany - Fascist Italy - Stalin in the USSR - North Korea |
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Summary of Ottoman Empire |
- b/g in 1299 in northwestern Anatolia - captured Constantinople in 1400's, became new capitol - 16th-17th centuries-- reached its height; ctrled SE EU, W Asia, Caucasus, Horn of Africa and North Africa - b/g losing territory to EU powers in 19th cen - allied w/ Ger in WWI in hope of regaining some of its lost lands... unsuccessful... territories rebelled and the empire broke apart |
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Mother Theresa |
-Missionary and nun in Calcutta - Albanian Roman Catholic - started hospitals for HIV/AIDS, leprosy, and TB patients, counseling ctrs for children and families, soup kitchens |
