World Civilization

Front 1

3rd Macedonian war

Back 1

o Greece and carthage taken over by Rome
o King of Asia gives land to Rome
o Generals began to fight politically for money
o 133 late republic
o Senate vs. the people

Front 2

• Gaius Marius

Back 2

o Gained officer through political friends
o Praetor
o Rome against Numidia
o Marius gave false into to take control of war
o Left the war to become consul
o Takes control of war

Front 3

• Sulla

Back 3

o Takes credit for ending Numidian war
o Marius and Sulla fight politically
o Civil war breaks out

Front 4

• Social war ( war of the allies)

Back 4

o Italian armies
o Rome’s armies loyal to general
o Rome offers citizenship to anyone who lays down arms

Front 5

• Mithridates VI

Back 5

o Immune to poison because of paranoia
o Takes Persia and parts of Greece
o Sulla pushes him back

Front 6

• Second civil war

Back 6

o Sulla makes himself dictator
o Then retires to party

Front 7

• Pompey

Back 7

o Demands triumph over roman citizens
o No political office
o Takes sulla’s place
o Elected consul

Front 8

• Crassus

Back 8

o Wealthiest politician

Front 9

• Julius Caesar

Back 9

o Elected consul
o Became governor
o War of Gaul
o Sent slaves back to Rome
o Pompey grew close to Caesar’s enemies
o Cross Rubicon attack Rome/ civil war
o Armies always on the move hard to attack
o Battle of Pharsalus- pompey’s army destroyed
o Pompey killed in Egypt
o Caesar gets Cleopatra pregnant
o Drowns 5 year old king in river
o Battle of Zela- Caesar says we came we saw we conquered

Front 10

• Cato the younger

Back 10

o Hates Caesar
o Knows he can’t win
o Stabs himself in gut
o Doesn’t die, wakes up rips out intestine

Front 11

• Octavian

Back 11

o Caesars heir
o Inherits wealth
o Joined Antony

Front 12

• battle of Actium

Back 12

o Octavian destroys Anthony’s Navy

Front 13

• Tiberius

Back 13

o Forced to marry Augustus daughter
o Hates Rome and roman politics

Front 14

• Caligula

Back 14

believed he was a god
o Proposed a horse for senate
o Assassinated

Front 15

• Claudius

Back 15

o Became senator
o Born humpback
o Drooled
o Stuttered
o Invaded Britain
o Married Neisse/ her son was Nero

Front 16

• Nero

Back 16

o First half his reign was excellent
o Athletic, acts, sings
o Kicked his wife while pregnant, dies in childbirth

Front 17

• sargon II

Back 17

o expands empire

Front 18

• Assyrians

Back 18

o used catapults
o provinces - governors for each to replace king
o empire had no rules when collecting tribute military forced law
o ancient near east (ANE) occupied by single power for first time

Front 19

• library of Nineveh

Back 19

palace of emperor

Front 20

• Ashurbanipal

Back 20

died in 627 - he expanded, built palace, and library

Front 21

• Nebuchadnezzar II

Back 21

king of the Jews

Front 22

• Persian Empire

Back 22

o 600BC = Persia established independence from meeds
Persia’s kingship and zoroasterism converged

Front 23

• zoroasterism

Back 23

o religion, belief in Zoroaster
o duel religion - belief in 2 gods but one dominates the other
o chief god = ahura Mazda (all powerful creator of cosmos or spirt/mind
o secondary god = ahriman (figure of evil, responsible for creation and material world)
o magi = priesthood
o 559BC Cyrus II comes to power and desires to expand kingdom
o 547BC - attacks Lydia
o 539BC - Mesopotamia becomes part of Persian empire
o neo-babs collapse (612)539BC)

Front 24

• Vistasian

Back 24

o Unlikely to become emperor
o Close to being executed
o Flavian dynasty set up

Front 25

• Titus

Back 25

o Successful general
o Eruption of mt. Vesuvius
o Pompey and Herculaneum demolished
o Plague in Rome
o Pays for help out of pocket
o Died 81

Front 26

• Domitian

Back 26

o Hater of the senate
o Bad emperor
o Started construction of coliseum (flavian amphitheater)
o Assassinated 96

Front 27

• Trajan

Back 27

o (98) emperor
o Young, successful
o Adopted
o Model after Augustus
o Famous military Campaigns
o Dacid- area annexed into Roman empire
o 144 invades Mesopotamia
o 117 Jewish revolt
o Architecture- column of Trajan
o Forum and marketplace
o Stroke 117 and dies

Front 28

• Hadrian

Back 28

o Cultured and has beard
o Openly gay emperor
o Lost land
o Touring the empire
o Back to Rome, died

Front 29

• Antoninus

Back 29

o Adopted by Hadrian
o Pios- second name
o Nothing happens while emperor
o No wars no crisis

Front 30

• Markus Aralias

Back 30

o Adopted by Antonius
o Wanted peace
o Germans invade
o Advocated peace on roman terms
o Passed empire on the biological son

Front 31

• Commodus

Back 31

o Embodiment of Hercules
o Participated in gladiatorial combat
o Assassinated for pissing off senate

Front 32

• Severance

Back 32

o Successful dynasty
o Women called the shots
o Wife Assyrian
o Young boys for emperors ruled by mother
o Teenage boys, killed the other

Front 33

• Caracalla

Back 33

o Thought he was Alexander the great
o Ignored the senate and focus on the Army
o Unpopular with aristocracy
o Assassinated by body guard

Front 34

• Elagabalus “sex with Caracalla” to be legit

Back 34

o 15 years old
o Shaved his body
o Believed he was a woman
o Brought cult back to Rome naked people
o People chase him and his mother out of roma and killed them

Front 35

• Alexander Severas

Back 35

o 13 years old
o Northern Germans, new Persian dynasty
o Rome at war with middle east and Germany
o Soldiers murdered emperor

Front 36

• Aurelian

Back 36

o Empire back together
o Assassinated
o Disconnected himself with old ways
o Senate no longer mattered
o First to dominance “lord”

Front 37

• Constantine

Back 37

o Wins civil war
o Saw cross in vision
o Soldiers worship sol
o Christian empire

Front 38

• Christianity

Back 38

o Christ born
o Teachings were done by many others
o Personal sacrifice, communal love
o Hostile to revolutional ideas
o Romans put him to death
o Converts kept Christianity alive
o Paul started Christianity
o Christianity was too Jewish
o Philosophical language, Judaism, greek roman ideas

Front 39

• Destruction of Jerusalem

Back 39

o 1st religious battle
o Jewish revolt
o Jews sacrificed on behalf of emperor
o Christians refused those who oppose empire
o Christians grew in new ways
o During military emperors ) Christians persecuted)
o 1000 Christian martyrs.

Front 40

• Constantinople

Back 40

o Cultural center
o Government shift
o Germans invade
o Rome sacked by Visigoths
o Different versions of Christianity
o Bishop of Rome for Christianity
o East refused to send money to west
o Germans invade west

Front 41

• Attila

Back 41

o Assassinated his way to the top
o Roman general s defeat Huns
o Attila died the next year

Front 42

• Justinian

Back 42

o Rome’s great emperor
o Nasty person
o Reconquered western empire
o Still fighting Germans and Persians

Front 43

• Franks

Back 43

o Longest surviving dynasty
o Merovingian dynasty- allowed the franks to flourish
o 4th century- helped Germans defeat Attila the Hun

Front 44

• Charles the great or Charlemagne

Back 44

o Son of Pepin
o 774 came to power
o Travels to Rome
o Pope grants him emperor
o New roman empire
o Beginning of middle ages roman, Christian, and German
o Patron of arts
o New artistic forms
o Carolingian renaissance
o Foundation of the holy roman empire
o Everything else but France
o Started conversion missions “crusades”
o Kingdom divided into 3, one for each son

Front 45

• Otto the first

Back 45

o Latin learned brought to barbarians
o Kingdom of Hungary established

Front 46

• Holy roman empire

Back 46

o Good at fending off Vikings
o Start Normandy (French)
o Who rules who? Emperor or pope

Front 47

• Fredrick 1

Back 47

o Dominated European politics

Front 48

• Fredrick II

Back 48

o holy roman empire and Naples
o learns to speak Arabic
o becomes an adult, wants to be a Turkish emperor
o goes on crusade
o negotiated to get Jerusalem
o 1229 king of Jerusalem

Front 49

• Innocent III

Back 49

o Worldly person – excommunicated Fredrick
o Dangerous to the pope

Front 50

• Crusades

Back 50

o Arrangements to pilgrims to holy land
o Seljuk Turks
o Manzikert- defeat Byzantine army and king
o Prevent pilgrims from holy land

Front 51

• Urban II

Back 51

o answers call of emperor
o gather together large force
o marched central Anatolia- killed by Turks
o 1st crusade was successful
o 3 years fighting
o 2nd and 3rd bad
o 4th fun- take over Constantinople

Front 52

• Cambyses

Back 52

o Not tolerant
o Zelus (Zoroastrian)
o Invasion Egypt
o Killing Egyptian priesthood

Front 53

• Darius I

Back 53

o Proved he was king
o Propaganda, buildings , warfare
o Persepolis- rebuilt city
o Mixture of styles
o 510 invasion of Europe
o Ionia revolt
o 492 captures Macedonia
o 490 battle of marathon
o Dies 486

Front 54

• Xerxes I

Back 54

o Revolts
o 481 tries to take Greece
o Invasion is a failure
o Maintain power back home
o Assassinated and son as well
o 465 younger son comes to power

Front 55

• Artaxerxes

Back 55

o Defeat Greeks in Egypt back under Persia control
o Dies 424 successor is assassinated

Front 56

• DariusII

Back 56

o Helped Sparta build navy to defeat Athens

Front 57

• ArtaxerxesII

Back 57

o Greek world explode
o Stabilize kingdom
o Biography written about him (no b/s)
o Fought Brother at battle of Cunaxa (401)
o Until Sparta invades
o King peace treaty with Greece
o Loses control of Egypt
o Dies 359

Front 58

• ArtaxerxesIII

Back 58

o Inherited revolts
o Takes back revolts
o Takes back Egypt
o Not popular
o High taxes

Front 59

• DariusIII

Back 59

o Puppet king to the Eunuch
o Eunuch arrested executed
o Encounters Alexander the great
o Alexander conquers everything after assassination

Front 60

• Chandragupta Moria

Back 60

o Money not spent on Persia could be used in India
o 305 sizable kingdom built for himself
o Cut deal to gain territory double the size