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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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From what direction of the world did the Industrial Revolution progress?
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It started in the western part of Europe in England and went further out East.
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Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?
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England had an advanced economy which provided the market with surplus goods and money.
Also there was a respect for financial success; business was not looked down upon |
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What was the common thought in Europe before the Industrial Revolution?
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Most of Europe thought business was grubby, noblemen had a higher status.
The first son inherited the land, the second son entered the church and the third and forth sons would own a business |
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What was one impact of the Industrial Revolution?
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It expanded trade overseas.
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In what areas did industry advance?
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Textile
ie. kay- flying shuttle, spinning jenny-power loom Iron Industry- coal and coke (refined coal) Steam Engine James Watt -used in textile mills |
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puddling
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stir iron while in molten condition to get more impurities out of it
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Early Hindrances to Industrialization:
Bad Transportation |
bad roads, last good roads built in Roman Empire
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hindrances: Administrative Fragmentation
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many divisions in countries, numerous tolls would have to be paid along the way
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hindrances: Social traditions were backward
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Businesses looked down upon
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hindrances: Frequency of War
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Everything must go into the war effort
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Aspects of change after 1815
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Rapid increase in population
Transportation stimulated by Napoleonic Wars Government became involved in promoting industry Textile iron and steel |
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Railroads
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Early in England, moved to U.S. then other parts of Europe
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Postal Systems
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Telegraph- invented by Morse
(also telephones, undersea cable and typewriter) |
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What impact did the Industrial Revolution have on population?
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It gathered workers to the cities, made them expand at a remarkable rate.
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The Life of the Working Class:
Poor Working Conditions |
long hours, monotonous taxes, reduces pride in craftsmanship, very few safety precautions
often tended by unmarried women no compensation child labor was common |
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Low Wages
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employers paid as little as possible to increase their own profit
there was a surplus of workers unions were illegal |
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Poor Living Conditions
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Cities grew rapidly with very little planning.
overcrowding, slums and disease was common |
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What was Hegel's dialectic?
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Said that the historical progress takes place by means of opposite ideas
Marx took Hegel's ideas and proposed the clash of economic classes |
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Surplus (stolen) value
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The value of commodity is measured by the labor expended to do it.
workers ought to receive in pay the amount for which the commodity is sold |
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Concentration of Capital
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becoming concentrated in fewer and fewer hands
it will force many at the top to the bottom of the pyramid |
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Proletariat Revolution
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The Proletariat will rise up and overthrow the Bourgeousie
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Classless society
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No private property
No class struggle No need for government |
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Romanticism
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Characterized by instinct, emotion, individualism, the wild and unruly, the heart
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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emphasized the "noble savage"
simpler society is better |
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Friedrich von Schiller
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Wrote "William Tell" to emphasize the Swiss struggle for independence from Austria
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Who wrote "Faust?"
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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
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Who created a bridge between classical and romantic music, portraying more emotional styles of composition?
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Ludwig van Beethoven.
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William Wordsworth
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A poet who portrayed various aspects of nature in his writing. Famous poem was "The Daffodils."
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Cultural manifestations of Romanticism in Literature:`
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1. The Love of nature
2. The Irrational 3. The worship of Beauty 4. Fascination with Medieval past Rebellion against the social order |
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Colridge was a romanticist who wrote:
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"The Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner"
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Nostalgia
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A longing for things in the past; the good old days.
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Sir Walter Scott wrote:
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"Ivanhoe" and "The Lady of the Lake"
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Lord Byron contributed to what cause?
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He helped the Greeks in their struggle for independence
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Cultural manifestations of Romanticism in Paintings:
Delacroix painted... Constable painted |
"Fanatics of Tangier" and "Liberty Leading the People"
landscapes, "The White Horse" |
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Romantic Architecture
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Return to the Gothic style
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Religion in the Romantic Era
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God was seen not so much as the creator of order but of beauty
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Nationalism
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A supreme loyalty to ones own country and ones own people
Started at French Revolution and spread through Napoleon's invasions |
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Nationalism was manifested in
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Struggles for independence
Feelings of superiority over others Folk literature/music |
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Conservatism
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A reaction against the French Revolution
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Who wrote "Reflections on the Revolution in France?"
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Edmund Burke
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Liberalism
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A political and economic philosophy of the Bourgeoisie and other comfortable classes.
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Politically, Liberalists advocated what?
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A limited government with a parliamentary monarchy, gradual reforms not a violent revolution
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Congress of Vienna (Quadruple Alliance, Quintuple when including France)
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The conservative forces restored the monarchies the desire for peace, the land owning nobility and the R.C. Church.
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Uprisings against Conservatism
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Spain and Portugal
1820- French Army Naples- forced king to accept new constitution Greece- struggled against the Turks (gained independence in 1829) |
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The July Revolution in France
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Louis XVIII ruled as a parliamentary monarch.
Charles X tried to go back to ruling by divine right; dissolved parliament in 1830 outbreak of violence Charles was defeated in 3 days , who fled to England |
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Louis Phillippe
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Ruled France from 1830-1848 under a liberal limited monarchy
Catered to the Middle class often dressed as common middle class |
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What were some results of the uprising in Belgium?
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It got its independence
It was affirmed by the powers of Europe in 1839 It was declared perpetually neutral |
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What were some results of the uprising in Poland?
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Poles were given a constitution of their own by Russian ruler Alexander I
Not good enough so they revolted Revolts were put down by Nicolas I, lost their constitution |
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Other uprisings occurred in
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Italy, Saxony-none succeeded
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Legitimists (french party)
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wanted to bring back the Bourbon rulers
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Clericals
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wanted more power for the church
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Republicans
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wanted a republic, no king, more representatives for lower classes
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Socialists
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wanted government ownership of industry
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June Days
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Days of extreme violence in France in 1848, esp. Paris
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Which president of France tried to stay in office for more than four years by staging a coux in 1851?
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Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
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plebiscite
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An appeal of support to the people. (Offered by Louis Napoleon)
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Louis Napoleon changed his name to ___________ when?
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Became Napoleon III when the French Republic ceased to exist, went back to monarchy
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Frankfurt Assembly
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Drew up constitution for a unified Germany
Decided on a monarchy Took German states of Austria Offered crown to King of Prussia who refused |
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Resogimento
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"resurrection"
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Giuseppe Mazzini
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romantic idealist who wanted a democratic republic
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Giesuppe Garabaldi
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soldier, joined Mazzini
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Garabaldi and Mazzini were involved in doing what?
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They tried to establish a democratic republic by chasing the Pope out of Rome
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Pope Pius (Pio Nono)
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brought about reforms in papal states
brought wrath against 2 Giuseppes Louis Napoleon brought the Pope back |
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Name the man who established unity in Italy and the kingdom he came from.
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Count Camillo di Cavour
Kingdom of Sardinia |
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The last city obtained in unification for Italy was:
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Rome 1870
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What state in Germany was key during the unification process?
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Prussia
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Who helped establish the unity of Germany?
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Otto von Bismarck, chancellor under William I
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Bismarck believed in
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absolutism
Prussian supremacy in Germany German supremacy in Europe |
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Blood and Iron
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military might
Bismarck did not hesitate to use it |
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Austro-Prussian (Seven Weeks) War
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Prussia won
- went to war with Austria to decide what to do with conquered lands (Denmark) |
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Franco-Prussian War 1870-71
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Bismark consulted Napoleon III on war for Austria
who promised to stay out of war for a compensation Napoleon III never got compensation |
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Battle of Sedan
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French lost a large army
Napoleon forced to surrender and taken prisoner Paris besieged France lost Alsace and Lorraine |
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William I
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became Kaiser
Crowned in Versailles Germany unified in 1871 |
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Halting reforms of Alexander I
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Educated in enlightenment ideals
tried reforms in education, govt. and social welfare hesitant because he wanted to keep nobles' support spent a lot of time fighting Napoleon |
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What are some reactionist outcomes of the Decembrist Revolt under Nicolas I?
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He resolved nothing like it would happen again, put it down
Screened foreign visitors Screened publications, music Monitored education Exiled 170,000 people to Siberia Decreed that art that was not Russian should be removed from Cathrine the great's palace |
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What happened when Alexander II brought about extensive reforms?
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he was known as "The Czar that freed the serfs"
Serfs were not happy because the lands were bad and they were taxed heavily Representation didn't mean much because Czars officials could intervene Alexander II was assassinated by a terrorist |
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What kinds of changes were made in Parliament in the mid-19th century?
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Reform Bill of 1832 (1st one)
Suffrage Chartism |
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suffrage
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the right to vote
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Reform Bill of 1832
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Brought about right to vote
Did not include farm workers Middle class had rights |
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Chartism 1838-48
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A movement that called for democratic reforms
A people's charter was drawn up, wanted Parliament to accept but was turned down |
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Abolition of Slavery 1833
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Slave trade abolished in 1818
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Corn Laws
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dealing with selling of grain
Tariffs on imported grain protected interests of farmers Began to import grain supply Supported free trade- industry rather than agriculture |
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What reforms were made under Queen Victoria?
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Moral dignity returned to British Monarchy
She had the longest reign of any monarch Her morals were upheld by most citizens |
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William E. Gladstone
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A liberal (not like liberals today), Prime Minister four times
Epitome of Victorian age Was Born-again |
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Benjamin Disraeli
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a Conservative (for the interests of the throne more than people), of Jewish descent, although politics were conservative, his lifestyle was flamboyant
Favored by the Queen |
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2nd Reform Bill of 1867
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Right to vote for city workers
1884 Farm workers Women given right in 1919 |
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Parliament Act 1911
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House of Lords increasingly out of touch with reality
They were appointed not voted in Their power of absolute veto was taken away |
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Government of Ireland Bill
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Ireland did not have its own govt.
Had to send Anglican reps to Parliament N. Ireland did not want home rule because they would be a minority 1914- N. Ireland remained under British rule S. Ireland became its own country |
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Reforms of early 20th century
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Education system improved
Accident compensation for workers Legality of labor unions |
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Labour Party 1900
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A socialist party not radical revisionists, worked peacefully
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Government in Germany
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Two House legislature
i.Upper House = Bundesrat ii.Lower House = Reichstag (Equivalent to British House of Commons) Not a Constitutional Monarchy but an Absolutist Monarchy Kaiser and Chancellor worked together Could override the Two Houses Both the Kaiser and the Chancellor came from Prussia -Prussia had the upper hand -Other states were worse off when they joined the union Bismarck was the real power who ran the government |
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The Black Menace
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Roman Catholic Church (dressed in black)
Catholic Center Party Bismarck launched a program against Catholics i. Kulturkampf (Struggle for civilization) Passed a lot of repressive legislation against the clergy -Expelled the Jesuits -Did not accomplish anything but made the party stronger Gave up and began to court the favor of the Catholic Center Party |
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The Red Menace
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The Radical Socialists
Marxist Party Believed in Revolution Formed in 1875 Bismarck saw them as a genuine threat Legislation was passed to outlaw the party Had many measures passed to aid the working class (1880s) -Germany became a Welfare State -Came with a price (higher taxes, lack of liberty, etc.) |
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Cecil Rhodes
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British, made a fortune on gold in Transvaal
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Paul Kruger
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Dutch president of Transvaal
Tried to keep out foreigners Rhodes became president of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) |
