World Civilization

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Catalina de Erauso

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Who: Spanish explorer who, dressed as a man, lived the life of a soldier and adventurer.

Relevancy: The interaction of peoples from Europe, Africa, and the Americas that Erauso was apart of, would become the foundation upon which new American societies would be built.

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Viceroyalties

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These were one of the great institutions of Spanish rule. These were seats of power of the Spanish officials representing the king. These man helped maintain control and royal authority over a wide spread area.

Relevancy: The way in which government is done today may have learned technique from the viceroyalties of the Spanish rule.

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Potosi

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Lust for gold had been the chief motivation for early conquistadors. However, it was by silver that changed world economy. In Potosi Bolivia the Spanish found a whole mountain of silver.

Relevancy: Silver exports from Potosi and other American mines helped finance development of the early modern world economy.

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Haciendas

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With the rising demand of of produce, Spanish developed these haciendas. These were large agricultural estates on which Amerindians were employed to work off. (wage not enough to pay off debt, trapped)

Relevancy: With their focus on haciendas and silver, the Spanish were left stagnant while the rest of the world kept innovating. This still has repercussions in these countries today.

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Syncretism

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Fusion of culture elements from more than one tradition. This was common in Latin America a the Amerindians and Africans blending their existing beliefs and rituals with Catholicism.

Relevancy: Syncretism is still an extremely relevant issue, especially in Christianity. It is a negative term in the Christian sphere, meaning that the culture is practicing a mix of Christian beliefs and their own cultural religious beliefs. This is sinful and must be avoided when doing contextualization. When syncretism has happened in the past, we can learn from it.

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Virgin of Guadalupe

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Apparition of the Virgin Mary who appeared to a Mexican pheasant named Juan Diego. This woman figure had a strong attraction to the Amerindians. A cult who worshiped this woman was formed and still remains a symbol of Mexican identity.

Relevancy: This is an example of how far syncretism can be taken when it is not dealt with. Instead of worshiping God, these people worshiped the Virgin Mary.

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Mestizo

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Offspring of an Amerindian and Spanish union. The color of someones skin began to define a persons status. Cultural and biological blending became characteristic of Mexican society.

Relevancy: This is still something that is relevant today. Many races believe the lighter skin you are, the better you will be treated and the more employment jobs you will receive.

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Casta System

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A racial hierarchy devised in Spanish America to describe the dozens of possible outcomes of mixture between Europeans, Amerindians, and Africans.

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Sor Juana Ines de a la Cruz

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Great literary figure of New Spain who, because of her gender was denied university education. She was a strong advocate for the equality of men and women.

Relevancy: Women like her would go on to prove to the world that women are capable of great achievements along with men.

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Palmares

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Largest and most powerful maroon community made up of the escaped slaves in the colonial Americas.

Relevancy: This group went to show to the majority that there is power in minority groups and to the other slaves that they could stand up for themselves and fight back. We would later see this in the Americas when African Americans would be fighting for their freedom.

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Metis

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In colonial New France, the offspring of a European and Amerindian union. These children would often learn both cultures and languages.

Relevancy: This type of converging of cultures in younger generations was only the beginning. America would one day become the melting pot of cultures, languages and traditions.

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Huron

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French allied with the Huron, an Amerindian group, for trading. These people were devastated by the smallpox brought by French fur traders and missionaries in the mid-seventeenth century.

Relevancy: This was a huge lesson for Europeans to learn when interacting with the Native Americans. They did not have the same tolerance to diseases as the Euro-Americans did.

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Quebec

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Founded as the capital of New France, Quebec became a hub for the French fur trade and the center from which French settlement in the Americas first began to expand.

Relevancy: Quebec is more relevant to the French, for this is where their expansion in the Americas first began.

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Virginia

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English colony in North America whose colonists produced tobacco. At first the colonists used the labor of poor Europeans but this soon gave way to the use of slave labor.

Relevancy: Virginia was one of the founding colonies of America. All the labor and expansion that went on in these early colonies are what formed America.

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Carolina

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English colony that modeled West Indian social and economic patterns. Unlike in Virginia, Africans were a majority of the population.

Relevancy: Carolina was one of the founding colonies of America. All the labor and expansion that went on in these early colonies are what formed America.

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New England

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New England began with the arrival of English Calvinists. The colony was characterized by homogeneous, self-sufficient farming communities.

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Olaudah Equinano

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Great Lakes region

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Kimpa Vita

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Sahel

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Songhai Empire

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Atlantic Plantation System

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Maroon Communities

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Manumission

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Asante Kingdom

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Dahomey

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Triangular Trade

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Seven Years' War

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Grand Banks

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Abolitionist

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Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade

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Xie Qinggao

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Qing Dynasty

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Emperor Kangxi

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Qianlong

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Yangzi River Valley

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Treaty of Nerchinsk

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Macartney Mission

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Cossacks

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Catherine the Great

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Aurangzeb

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Maratha Kingdoms

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Nader Shah

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Joseph Francois Dupleix

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Battle of Plassey

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Lord Charles Cornwallis

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Seclusion Edicts

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Dutch Learning

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Yoshimune

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