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119 Cards in this Set
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What were the necessary environmental conditions for permanent settlements to develop in early human history? |
Some civilizations were made near natural barriers (Egypt, China), and all were near a large body of water. As permanent agriculture became more abundant among early civilizations, fertile land for farming was very helpful. Permanent agriculture led to permanent food supply, which led to a larger population, etc. In addition to permanent agriculture, people learned about domestication, the taming and breeding of animals for various goods such as cloth, food, etc. |
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What was the lifestyle of prehistoric humans? |
Nomadic hunting - moving from place to place, following the herds of wild animals for food. Hunter-gatherer lifestyle - small population due to low food source, (usually) the men would hunt while the women would do things such as cut down certain trees to gather food - slightly more organized than nomadic tribes |
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Know the causes and effects of trade on the development of human civilizations. What makes trade occur, increase, or decrease? What happens as a result of trade?
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Causes: surplus of food allowing for giving away extra, specialization allowing for more material to trade and with more variety Effects: The economy improves, cultural diffusion, records needed to keep track of transactions and resources that are needed are gained. |
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What five characteristics mark all ancient civilizations? |
Record Keeping (Mesopotamia: cuneiform) (China: Shang introduced syllables=character. spoken language written language, unified china.) (Egypt: hieroglyphics) (indus valley: Harappan not decoded, used symbols) Advanced cities (citadel in Indus Valley was center for trade, religion, politics, etc. Cities were in a grid system) (Ziggurat in Mesopotamia serves same functions) (pyramids and temples in Egypt) (China had Anyang made out of wood) Advanced Technology (Flood calendar and pyramids-Egypt, irrigation system) Complex institutions (Government, religion, economy-All/Most civilizations) Specialization (Indus Valley-spinners, farmers, soldiers, servants, kings) (women=men in Egypt. Pharaohs/kings) (Mesopotamian -kings, warriors, priests etc.) (China: Warriors, kings, lords, peasants artisans) |
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In what ways did ancient civilizations keep a record? Be specific with examples from various civilizations that we’ve studied. |
At least all had a written form of writing, whether it be pictographs (Egypt), wedge marks [AKA cuneiform] (Mesopotamia), or symbols representing syllables, letters, or words. Writing unified civilizations especially China (had many languages with a single written language). Passing down info and history by telling stories (speaking) |
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Know the following terms: monotheism, polytheism, theocracy, monarchy, dynasty, empire. |
Monotheism: belief in one single god Polytheism: belief in multiple gods Theocracy: a government system in which the ruler is seen as a divine figure Monarchy: government with a single ruler, a king Dynasty: line of rulers from a family Empire: A group of regions unified by a single authority
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Summarize the Hebrew religious beliefs (Judaism). How was it different than most other ancient religions? |
Belief in a single god
Being the chosen people
God’s promise: (Judaism) physical land vs. (Christianity) going to heaven
10 commandments-respect for parents, belief in god, prohibition of theft, sexual immorality, coveting, etc.
strict morals
first monotheistic religion. other religion were based off of nature aspects. Also, the relationship between god and man was the same as that between father and child (in Judaism). In the other religions, the gods were something to fear- not as friendly and trusting of a relationship. |
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What factors give rise to the building of an empire? What factors bring about its decline? Be specific with examples from the various empires that we’ve studied. |
Factors that Lead to Rise:
Uniting the empire under a single, capable ruler.
Having a unified empire makes it easier to control, to restore order in and to be more efficient
Example: Charlemagne united western Europe (out of the Dark Ages) for the first time since the Roman Empire. Pope Leo III named him the “emperor of Rome” and Charlemagne fought the Muslims Moors and other Germanic tribes to gain land.
Example: Wendi unites northern and Southern China to form the Sui dynasty and he maintains a strong central government.
Driving out invaders
makes for a happier people, and government to be ruled by the native/local people instead of the invaders. Gov’t is more likely to rule fairly for it’s people.
Example: When Mongols- lead by Kublai Khan- invaded and ruled China, they didn’t rule fairly. They ruled in favor of the Mongols- who were the minority by a long shot- and they made the chinese live in different places and abide by different laws. The chinese weren’t allowed in the government. When the Chinese rebels finally overthrew the Mongols in 1368, they founded a new dynasty (Ming) that was chinese ruled.
Promoting trade
leads to financial success and for the empire to have the goods it requires
Example: Pretty much every empire had trade and if they didn’t they declined. For examples look at the African Empires- many of them, such as Ghana and the East coast city states.
Having tradable resources on hand
allows for greater/further trade, which aids in the rise of empires
Example: Ghana had an abundance of gold so it was able to have an expanded trade system because gold was a fairly desired resource.
Military conquest
this allowed the empire to increase in size. A big, powerful empire has a lot of land.
Example: The muslim states- specifically the Almoravid empire- conquered Morocco and Ghana.
Example: pretty much every empire did this. Look at Roman Empire and Mongolian empire under Genghis Khan (they conquered much of Asia)
Factors that Lead to Decline:
Natural disasters
Cause despair, death, and financials to repair the damage, and makes a ruler look bad. Not to mention they were a sign from the gods in China that there needed to be a revolution.
Example: Around the year 1450, Great Zimbabwe was abandoned. It is unclear as to why but it is probably because of lack of resources: no grass for cattle, farming wore out soil, people used all the salt and timber.
Civil war
civil war and internal fighting can lead to rebellion, and disorder causes the entire empire to suffer.
Example: Invasion and foreign rule causes overall discomfort, and loss of control of the empire, and if it is not regained, the empire can fall apart altogether.
Example: Chinese when the Mongols invaded. (see example from “Driving out Invaders).
New ruler that isn’t good
If an empire doesn’t have a good leader then it really isn’t in good shape. Pretty self explanitory.
Example: Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned his only son, Louis the Pious, as emperor; however, he was an ineffective ruler. Louis left three sons but they fought each other for power and as an end result, the Carolingian kings lost power entirely. The empire lost their central government and crumbled.
Rebellion Self explanatory; when a rebellion occurs an empire loses its power. Examples: Sparta almost got destroyed by the helots. Example: The Ionian rebellion caused Persia to attack Athens. They lost, which started the empire’s downfall. too widespread the empire is so big that the leaders can’t control/manage all of it (like persia) |
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Know the various methods of conquest and rule that ancient empires implemented, and which was more successful/likely to last. Be specific with examples from the various empires that we’ve studied. |
Brutality and military might(iron weapons, leather and metal armor, superior technology, organized war strategies to lay siege on city, military control, kill everyone, enslave {Assyrians}) VS tolerance and diplomacy (negotiating terms with locals and accepting the native traditions of conquered people {Persia} King Cyrus practiced kindness towards conquered people. King Darius collected taxes for empire)
fear tactic (China, Mongolia**, Assyria, Rome, Sparta, Athens, etc.) conquer and capture land and people by scaring, killing, and instilling fear.
Being nice to those conquered and letting them keep their beliefs/cultures, or letting them stay as they were before being conquered, only calling upon them in times of need (Persians, Kublai Khan → Mongols)
diplomacy (Persia, etc.) liberate highly captive areas by fighting rulers, free people and require loyalty but allow them to live as they want, lots of people want to be a part of the empire
→Diplomacy more likely to last. Rebellion less likely, but the empires have less control over the conquered people
Assimilation: blending the culture with that of the conquered people and intermarrying to make them one people, less likely to revolt since they are now one culture
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Know in more detail the rise, fall, and specific reasons for success of the Assyrian, Persian, Chinese (Qin, Han). |
Assyrian- came from the northern part of Mesopotamia. Developed war-like behavior bc of invasion. glorified military strength. conquered most of SW Asia. Spread too thin and cruelty=enemies. A combined army of the Medes, Chaldeans, and others burned and leveled Nineveh. rise- Militarily dominant over other armies. They used exile and destruction of cities as punishment. If the people tried to rebel, the Assyrian officials burned whole cities and killed many people. If they didn’t rebel then the leaders of the conquered city were put into exile and the people enslaved. Showed no mercy for conquered people and lawbreakers. decline- Grecians passed through radar and Assyrians couldn’t fight them off, empire fell. The Empire broke down b/c conquered people fought back against their oppressive and aggressive rulers.
Persian-based their empire on tolerance and diplomacy. Dominated the Medes. Cyrus (the persian king) conquered kingdoms and was a military genius. Empire spanned 2,000 miles. Method of governing was kind. Invaded by Greeks rise- Conquering through diplomacy with self-rule, with only obligation to send soldiers when in war time. At times liberated people from foreign rule and were welcomed by citizens, esp. compared to the Assyrians who had previously ruled. Those conquered were also allowed to keep their original beliefs, not forced to convert to a certain religion, etc. decline- The rulers began to get greedy, raised taxes, corruption etc, rebellion was easy because of loose rules. Defeated by the Greeks during the Greco-Persian wars
Chinese Qin- replaced the Zhou dynasty. Halting international battles and defeated invaders. All nobles moved to the capital. Created 36 administrative districts. Centralization. Great Wall of China. Peasants rebelled against Shi Huangdi’s son because of cruelness--> easy because he was a worse ruler.
Chinese Han- after the Qin. long lasting dynasty. Technology influenced Chinese life. Type of legalism that controlled trade and monopolised. There was no fear and not many taxes. Restored unity in China. More confucianism. Complex bureaucracy and less taxes. Civil service jobs and final exams. Expanded the empire through conquest. Assimilation and intermarried to make more Chinese. It lasted over 400 years.
China's rise- Qin: Legalism based rule, high taxes, government and law most important, efficiency, people work for Shi Huangdi
Han: Confucianism, lowered taxes, social classes less defined, softer punishment, peaceful rule, assimilation, Silk Road decline- When Shi Huangdi died, his son was less able, rebellion occurred-->Han
In Han, civil war broke apart the dynasty |
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Know the political, economic, and cultural characteristics of the ancient Chinese dynasties: Zhou, Qin, and Han. |
Zhou: developed mandate of heaven and dynastic cycle. made roads and canals, furnaces, coins. Cast-iron created weapons and much farming improvement. As dynasty was attacked and new kings were less powerful, nobles claimed kingship of their own lands Qin: Shi Huangdi: “Strengthening the trunk and weakening the branches”. He brought nobles to the capital to watch them closely. He sent officials to monitor remaining land. He murdered confucianists and burned books. Great Wall of China built, forced people to work on it. Highways built, irrigation important. Autocracy. Han: Liu Bang: centralized gov., taxes down, punishment less harsh. Empress Lu: during Korea takeover, first and last woman emperor. Wudi: expansion through war, almost to present day boundaries, defined classes. Bureaucracy started, civil service exam started. Silk Road created, assimilation used to unify. |
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How did ancient Chinese dynasties justify overthrowing the previous royal family? |
Any natural disasters or disorder was said to be a sign that the royal family had lost the Mandate of Heaven and a new family took over, claiming they received the Mandate of Heaven |
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Summarize the tenets of the two major religious systems in Asia: Buddhism and Hinduism. |
Buddhism - noble truths: Life is made of suffering To get rid of it, get rid of selfish desires Get rid of selfish desires, get rid of suffering Get rid of selfish desires by following Eightfold Path, guide to behavior. Eightfold path - the path humans follow to achieve Moksha/Nirvana Buddha rejected the caste system but agreed in a form of reincarnation (nirvana)
Hinduism: CASTE SYSTEM--Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra, Untouchables -liberating the soul/reaching enlightenment ( achieving moksha) is main goal--stopping reincarnation -Hinduism could have been brought over by the Aryans -POLYTHEISTIC -dharma, hindu rules on how to live properly -Follow dharma, receive good karma, reincarnated at a higher social class or reach moksha. Viceversa. -Vedas is holy text |
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What are the differences and similarities between Buddhism and Hinduism? |
Differences: buddha rejected caste system and gods, hinduisms live by it. Nirvana/ Moksha Similarities: both believing in achieving enlightenment, release from suffering and desires (nirvana, moksha) and a cycle of reincarnation |
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According to Hinduism, What is the relationship between karma, reincarnation, and the caste system? |
Karma decides whether you will be reincarnated in a higher or lower spot in the caste system. You are reincarnated until you are released from the caste system |
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Why did the Greeks tell myths? What were the myths about? |
They told myths to unravel the mysteries of nature. They turned emotions into Gods (human relationships, human passion). They believed in fairness, but also getting what you want (in the myths they told). For example: Hades wanted Persephone, but was willing to make a compromise - supposedly why we have seasons) |
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Compare and contrast (similarities and differences) between Sparta and Athens |
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Know the following terms as they would apply to ancient Greece: phalanx, polis, acropolis, monarchy, tyrant, democracy, aristocracy, oligarchy. |
Phalanx - battle formation, shields would cover each other and soldiers would stand in lines shoulder to shoulder Polis - city-state (no larger than 10,000 → MAX: 40,000) Acropolis - highest point of the city (sometimes center of city) Monarchy - government system controlled by ONE ruler (sometimes king) Aristocracy - government controlled/ruled by wealthy people (patrician) Oligarchy - government by the few (not based on wealth, based instead on power) Tyrant - person who takes power by force (militarily) (very respected in ancient greece) Democracy - government of the people (people vote for everything) |
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Know the causes, effects, and the historical significance of the Greco-Persian Wars. |
Causes of the Greco-Persian Wars: The rebellion of the Ionians → Athens helped and burned down the capital of Ionia, years later, the ruler of Persia, Xerxes, wanted revenge (even though Greece ended up winning anyway). Effects of the Greco-Persian Wars: Greek confidence went up → especially for Athens → Golden Age. Greek unity up→ Delian League. Athens becomes leading power in Delian League→ Abused power(Pericles used money for beautifying Athens by saying that it was figurehead of Greece thus needed good representation) → Resentment from other city-states. |
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How did Athens “prove” its power and glory in the Greek world? |
Athens proved their glory during the golden age by building beautiful monuments and statues to show the wealth, and the power that they possessed. Athens glorified their city-state. |
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Know the reasons for the rise and fall of Athens’ power. |
Sparta was unhappy with the way Athens abused their power over the delian league (taking money from other city-states and glorified athens) and created their own league called the peloponnesian league, which prompted the peloponnesian wars. |
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Know the reasons for the rise, success, and failure of Alexander the Great in building an empire. |
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a. What was Alexander the Great’s longest lasting cultural legacy? b. What city represents this legacy? |
a. Hellenism--- b. Alexandria (of egypt), because it was on the western edge of the Nile delta, allowing for trade, commerce, and cultural diffusion |
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What were the Greek civilization’s lasting political and cultural legacies for Western civilization? |
~Art-- columns, symmetry, balance, perfection, architecture, columns (GREEK) ~Theater - tragedies, comedies (crude, satire) ~Politics - democracy, citizenship! ~Olympics, myths today (Hercules), etc. SPORTS! ~PHILOSOPHY |
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Compare and contrast (similarities and differences) the geography of Rome and Greece. How did their geography affect their economy and culture? |
Geography: Rome - middle of all good (rich fertile land, gentle hills, unified by land, more populated → all reasons why it worked well as an empire) Greece - Rugged land, mountains, no good soil, land surrounded sea, relied on water→ all reasons why it was left better off as individual city-states BOTH - access sea, traded by sea→ BOTH relied heavily on sea trade for economy |
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Know the following terms: republic, senate, tribune, plebeian, patrician, caesar, consul, triumvirate. |
Republic: a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch Senate: the state council of the ancient Roman republic and empire, which shared legislative power with the popular assemblies, administration with the magistrates, and judicial power with the knights Tribune: an official in ancient Rome chosen by the plebeians to protect their interests Plebeian: a commoner Patrician: aristocrat or nobleman Caesar: is also a name for the ruler too, not just the person. first triumvirate, killed Crassus/Pompey, Reforms: citizens, jobs, colonies-non landowners could own land… also salad!!! Consul: an official appointed by a government to live in a foreign city and protect and promote the government's citizens and interests there Triumvirate: when the power is split between three different people |
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What was the historical significance of the Punic Wars for Rome? |
These were some of Rome’s first major wars: Rome vs. Carthage. Carthage put up a fight, but Rome won all 3 wars by countering Carthage’s military style with an equally daring general. Winning these wars gave Some power over most of the Mediterranean. This greatly expanded Rome’s land/power and sphere of influence. |
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What major events led to the breakdown of the Roman republic and the rise of the empire? |
Rome conquered Italy--Etruscans given citizenship but others that were farther from Rome were considered allies, and only called on in times of war, or for taxes. Couldn’t vote.
Punic wars helped with expansion in land and power.
Huge socioeconomic gap called for new reforms. People willing for leaders and reform. Tiberius and Gaius - brothers, worked for the plebeians and gave them land from the rich. Rich got mad, and they got killed
1st TRIUMVIRATE RULE: CAESAR CRASSUS AND POMPEY Ruled together until Caesar killed them off so he could rule himself Caesar’s reforms: citizenship to people in provinces, jobs to poor, commoners got land
2nd TRIUMVIRATE RULE: OCTAVIAN ANTONY LEPIDUS ruled after caesar, Octavian got made at Antony for “ruling Rome from egypt” and killed him, Octavian became Augustus -> or EMPEROR |
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What changes did Julius Caesar make in the Roman empire, and what happened to him as a result of these changes? |
Reformations- Roman citizenship to people in the provinces, expanded the senate which added friends and supporters, helped the poor by creating jobs, new public buildings, colonies where people who couldn’t own land could, increased pay for soldiers Results- Nobles and senators didn’t like Caesars growing power, success and popularity. The poor people liked him. Many senators stabbed him to death. “Et Tu Brute” |
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What emperor began the “Pax Romana,” and what improvements were made to the Roman empire during this time period? |
Augustus started the Pax Romana -Territorial Expansion: Rome had territory from Central Asia to Western Europe -Politics: Civil service made of well-paid and trained officials -Economy: Single coin system, sea trade, roman roads -Coin system helped with payment and trade -Roads helped moving troops, trade, inspectors, and investigators. (similar to Persia and the Qin Dynasty) -Military improvement -Organized legions like Greek phalanx -Conquered people resisted unlike many other civilizations. -The capital city Rome reaches 1 million people -Forum=center (Like greek open buildings, symmetry, Colosseum) -Contains senate building for political debate -Religious worship and marketplace -Rest of the city is overcrowded, polluted, poverty -Fire was common, no good safety codes -Empire made improvements, but didn’t satisfy the poor like the rulers intended. -Socioeconomic gap stays. -CONQUERED THE ARAB WORLD AT ITS PEAK. |
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What characteristics/actions marked a “good” Roman emperor vs. a “bad” Roman emperor? Use specific examples. |
Bad- Caligula-Mentally disturbed, spent money for personal gain Nero- good administrator but vicious, murdered many, persecuted Christians Domitian- ruled dictatorially, feared treason everywhere and executed many, but still made coins and rebuilt fire-destroyed Rome. --Sexually perverse, mentally disturbed, bigoted, spending money for personal gain, afraid Good- Nerva- began custom of adopting heir Trajan- Empire reached its greatest extent, undertook building program, enlarged social welfare Hadrian- Consolidated earlier conquests, reorganized the bureaucracy, Hadrian wall, peaceful policy Marcus Aurelius- brought empire to height of economic prosperity, defeated invaders, wrote philosophy, pulled back on territories. --good administrator, expanded the empire, defeated invaders, made a building program, reorganized bureaucracy, supported the poor, selfless, made a coin system. |
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What caused the diaspora of Jews to take place during the Roman Empire? |
Judaea is taken over by Rome. Jews revolt against Hadrian, but Hadrian defeats Jews, they lose independence. Jews were driven into exile and spread (the Jewish Diaspora) |
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Know the reasons for the rise and spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire. |
gave hope to the poor, embraced all people, god accepted and helped all people, eternal life after death, appealed to those repelled by Rome’s extravagances. Common language and roads aided the spread of Christianity |
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What was significant about Emperor Constantine? In other words, what two decisions did he make that changed the history of the Roman Empire? |
Accepted Christianity/stopped Christian persecution. Rome later adopted Christianity under Theodosius, change from the Greek and Roman polytheistic religion He moved capital city from Rome to Byzantium in Turkey (renamed to Constantinople). This strengthened the East empire of the now divided Roman one (Diocletian did that), and eventually the West empire fell. |
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What were the reasons for the decline/fall of the Roman Empire? |
Short term: Invasion by Germanic tribes/Huns Long term: Western and Eastern Rome were separated, weakening the West especially bc it was the poor part of Rome+the capital was no longer there → moved to East by Constantine Movement of the capital to Constantinople- All the military and government was moved as well--->No military to protect Rome- DESTROYED Decline in loyalty >>>Nobody volunteered for Military-->drafting and mercenaries Food Shortage (land destruction from constant wars and overuse of farming land) >>>Decrease in Population Inflation >Hostile tribes and pirates in Mediterranean disrupt trade >>>Expansion limit reached, no new gold and silver--->taxes up. |
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Know the origins of the Byzantine Empire. |
Roman Empire was split into the Eastern and Western Half by Diocletian. Byzantium became the new capital (or Constantinople) in 330 CE, and as the western half fell, the Byzantine empire thrived in the East with rulers like Constantine and Justinian |
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Why was Constantinople such an advantageous location for the Byzantine Empire?
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It was on the crossroads of three continents, allowing for abundant trade and cultural blending which led to advancements. It was near water like the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea. |
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What were the Byzantine Empire’s lasting legacies in Western civilization? |
Hagia Sophia - built by Justinian Preserved Greco-Roman culture--Domes, arches Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Roman Catholicism |
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Be able to compare/contrast the two branches in Christianity. |
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What were the reasons for the rise, success, and fall of the Byzantine Empire? |
Rise: Rome was split into the Eastern and Western Empire by Diocletian. Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople. This was a strategic location located on trade routes for the Eastern Empire, and when the Western Empire fell, the Byzantine Empire was just developing
Success: The wall around Constantinople protected it until Muslim invaders destroyed it. Constantinople was located on major trade routes Near water Had natural resources United under Eastern Orthodoxy
Fall: Invasion by Turks with gunpowder |
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Be able to name in order and describe the historical significance of each of the 3 major Muslim dynasties/empires that we studied in class. |
Umayyads-- used lots of $ for beautifying → angry Shi’a → Shi’a’s reject Umayyad ruler bc they believed caliph should be blood descendants of Muhammad. Sunni think that the leader should be elected. This divide became permanent and caused internal conflict*
*the Umayyads were the first ruling family to follow Muhammad in leading the Muslim Empire
Abbasids murder the Umayyads move capital to Baghdad--pop. 1 million, good for trade empire covers 3 continents→ lands begin to break off caliphs lose political power invaded by Seljuk Turks Baghdad taken
Muslim Turks The Seljuk Turks (1050-1250) When the Abbasids began to decline, Turkish people called the Seljuks moved into the Central Asian territory. Originally served as military slaves. Converted to Islam. Took over Baghdad in 1055. Began invading the Byzantine Empire This led the Catholic Church to declare “holy war”(crusades) against the Muslims. The Ottoman Turks rise as the new Muslim Empire A new Turkish group, called the Ottomans, rose to power. In 1453, conquered Constantinople-> renamed it istanbul Led by Mehmed II. Used cannons to break down Justinian’s walls By 1580, the Ottoman Turks recaptured the old Muslim territories and united them under one empire (known as the Ottoman Empire). Suleyman (a ruler) created a Tribute System, the Devirshme Collected the sons of Christian Kingdoms called Janissaries, and were educated and military trained Were the elite group in the Ottoman army Were allowed to return to their homelands after serving for many years |
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During the middle ages, what examples of contact between Eastern and Western civilizations did we study? |
Crusades - Europeans eventually gained access to holy land, but not claim over it. Muslim trade routes are used more frequently due to local and long distance trade increasing. New foods discovered in Muslim world through Crusades! (Like spices CUMIN! & Salt & GARLIC) |
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What was the cause for the loss of culture, trade, and progress in Western Europe? |
While the East Empire thrived, the West was invaded by Germanic invaders. These invaders couldn’t read or write, so Greek and Latin were lost, and dialects developed. Merchants were invaded by land and sea and business collapsed. Decline of trade causes decline of city centers, so nobles leave the city and move to rural estates |
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Describe the condition of Europe during the “Dark Ages.” |
No trade, feudal lords ruled as they pleased, disease was rampant, poverty was widespread, cultural aspects such as writing and education was lost, no written law. BAD!!!!
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Who were the kings of the Carolingian Dynasty and what were they each responsible for accomplishing? |
Pepin the Short ~first dynastic king by bloodline, son of Martel ~helped Pope fight off Lombard invasion >>pope appointed him “King by the grace of God” >>This adds divine authority to his rule >>Carolingian Dynasty began Emperor Charlemagne ~named Holy Roman Emperor by the pope because he rushed to Rome and crushed a mob that attacked the Pope. ~Church connection >>encouraged culture and education >>spread Christianity >>reunited Western Europe for first time since roman empire >>during the summer he led his army against enemies >>expanded territories |
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Know the various events that signaled the joining of Church and State, and the growing authority of the Church in politics. |
1. ~Henry VI and Pope Gregory VII disagree on lay investiture, when the king appoints bishops. The Church didn’t want it. Pope Gregory VII banned it, Henry ordered Pope Gregory to step down. Pope excommunicated Henry. Henry waited in the snow outside the Pope’s gate for three days. Henry forgiven but humiliated.
2. >>Frederick I invaded Italy with his military-->Italian merchants hate him. they join the pope and form the Lombard League. The LL took on Frederick I’s italian foot soldiers and they (LL) won. This also institutes the power for the Church because they defeat the state. |
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What were the causes and effects of the Crusades? |
Causes: Pope and Christian people wanted to capture back the “holy land”, such as Jerusalem and take it back from the Muslims. Byzantine Empire was coming close to its fall and reached out for help. Effects: (POSITIVE) -Trade- roads are built for the crusades, merchants followed these roads and traveled with everyone and set up stands along the roads and sold to soldiers and locals living there -Knowledge- medicine, greco-roman philosophy, new languages- latin + greek, weapons (cannons, gunpowder, catapults) -Knights moved their violent energy to war- knights report to king instead of lords at crusades -King gained respect and power- knights listened to him, authority and respect unites Europe → after the failed Crusades, the popes lost their power -Exposure to other cultures- trade causes exposure like spices (important- want for more spices causes people to search for new trade routes to Asia and India) |
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Summarize the Code of Chivalry. Why were they established? |
~Chivalry emphasized bravery, loyalty, and courtesy. >>Devotion to: earthly feudal lord, heavenly lord, and their chosen lady. >>‘designated’ protectors of the weak/poor >>established when priests gathered the knights around holy relics and told them they would be punished by God if they killed any more peasants |
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Know the various changes that occurred in Western Europe after the 11th century. |
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Be able to define and explain the significance of the following terms: feudalism, Vikings, Moors, Ottoman Turks, pope, patriarch, Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholicism, monks, monasteries, scholasticism, Mecca, Jerusalem, Crusades, jihad, Shi’a, Suni, “Great Mortality” |
Feudalism: Nobles could own land if they promised military service to the empire, and peasants could have shelter and food on the land if they worked for the noble. Vikings: any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of northwestern Europe in the 8th–11th centuries. Moors: a member of a northwestern African Muslim people of mixed Berber and Arab descent. Ottoman Turks: eventually took over Constantinople in 1453 and caused the end of the Byzantine empire Pope: the bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church. Eastern Orthodox: One of the three great divisions of Christianity; the others are the Protestant churches and the Roman Catholic Church. Roman Catholicism: One of the three great divisions of Christianity; the others are the Protestant churches and the Eastern Orthodox Church. Monks: a member of a religious community of men typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Monasteries: a building or buildings occupied by a community of monks living under religious vows. Scholasticism: the system of theology and philosophy taught in medieval European universities, based on Aristotelian logic and the writings of the early Church Fathers Mecca: where Muslims made their pilgrimage to fulfill a pillar in the 5 pillars of Islam Jerusalem: A city holy to Jews, Muslims, and Christians Crusades: a medieval military expedition, one of a series made by Europeans to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries. jihad: (among Muslims) a war or struggle against unbelievers. Shi’a: one of the two main branches of Islam, followed especially in Iran, that rejects the first three Sunni caliphs and regards Ali, the fourth caliph, as Muhammad's first true successor. Sunni: one of the two main branches of Islam, commonly described as orthodox, and differing from Shia in its understanding of the Sunna and in its acceptance of the first three caliphs. “Great Mortality”: the Black Death that spread through Europe |
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Know the basic teachings of Islam, and its similarities and differences with the other monotheistic religions. (do Judaism and Christianity for the compare and contrast) |
5 PILLARS OF ISLAM--Believe in a single god, Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca (dawn, midday, afternoon, sunset, evening), give charity to the poor, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca |
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Be able to compare/contrast the cultures of the Early and High Middle Ages. |
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Be able to compare/contrast the cultures of Medieval Europe, Byzantine Empire, and the Muslim World. |
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What was occurring in Asia during the time of the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations? Was this different or similar than the Greco-Roman West? |
Large empires centralizing and creating long lasting dynasties. Similar. Both growth, advancement, trade. |
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What lasting impacts did the Silk Road have on Asia? |
Religions were spread and culture - buddhism was a major cultural EXPORT of china.
Trade was largely improved. Many things were traded such as salt and spices |
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What are the ways that Chinese emperors promoted foreign trade during the Middle Ages? Describe specific historical examples. |
~stationing troops by oases (places filled with water in the desert (and other places w/ bad terrain) that soldiers would protect. There was also water/resources so merchants could stay alive and safe (obviously made trade more likeable) so that the traders could travel and rest without the fear being attacked by desert bandits. ~The government kept the Silk Road very safe and useable. ~The gov gave people seeds of fast-growing rice from Vietnam for planting to encourage farming which lead to lots of food. → began the agricultural revolution on purpose (more efficient), vs. the Europeans just let it diffuse naturally over the years. ~They promoted missionaries to come to China and for them to explore their economy >>like Marco Polo, who discovered asian spices/luxuries and brought them back to Europe. |
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In theory, what was the civil service exam supposed to accomplish for Chinese government? |
It was supposed to put qualified individuals in the civil service, but since it cost money to be educated for the exam, only the wealthy could afford it and the poor were mostly left out of this. People all so cheated and payed examiners to let them cheat. |
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What problems is Asia facing today because of the lasting effects of the civil service system? |
People aren’t as creative because they are so focused on studying for the civil service exam (it is now more for the college entrance exams) which only takes into account certain types of smarts. They do not focus on much else, and so they even have a police force that puts curfews on studying to try to recreate the sense of creativity
→ in South Korea, these tests have become so important that SK leaders worry that innovation and economic growth will stall, as well as a decline in fertility rates bc of the pressure in families to pay for so much tutoring |
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Describe the social changes in Middle Ages China that was SIMILAR to Europe. Why did these changes occur in both civilizations? |
-Rise of the merchant class -China: Thriving trade routes esp. with Mongolia -Europe: Renewal of trade |
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Describe a social change in Middle Ages China that was DIFFERENT than Europe. Why did this change occur in China but not in Europe? |
~The status of women declined because China was a patriarchal society, feet were bound so women were basically useless → forced to be submissive and stay at home; be obedient and do “women” work →Women in Europe had to do work while men were fighting. Also, during the Dark Ages women were valued more because they needed to work in the fields to get some food. Their contributions to a family were valued.
In China the civil service exam gave people a chance to earn their own position in society but in Europe it was based on family and military status. |
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Describe the process and the social significance of foot-binding. Why did foot-binding become popular, even with the middle class? |
Young girl’s feet are bound until they broke. They bend their arches to break the bones and create a shorter foot that looks like a lotus flower. It was a sign of wealth that a man that he could afford such an impractical wife. Almost all young girls got their feet bound in order to marry off, and if they didn’t, they were considered worthless.
When a woman was still living with her family because she didn’t bind her feet as a child and remained unmarried, she was thought of at the dinner table (especially in the lower classes) as “one more mouth to feed”, and she wouldn’t have to “waste their food” if she had just bound her feet. It was almost necessary to get their feet bound in order to not be a failure to their family and society. Being in middle class with bound feet could allow you to be married off to someone of higher status and raise your own family’s status(this is not the way it played out in most cases though). Also since in chinese culture your ancestors are so important, it would be thought of bringing them shame if you didn’t bind your feet. |
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What were the main Chinese technological inventions during the Middle Ages? How did each impact Chinese society? |
Movable type = like stamps for characters (allows for faster and larger copying) Gunpowder= being used originally for fireworks, could be used for guns and cannons in future Paper = money Porcelain = (ceramic items) Magnetic compass = used for direction while sailing (huge advancement in navigation)
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Describe the themes/styles of the Middle Ages Chinese art, music, and literature. |
Art: -strong Taoist influence: emphasis on nature and simplicity -use of dragons during Golden age bc they represented power and strength -use of black ink bc it added dimension to their pieces → made them 3-D -landscape art, used nature
Literature: -often poetic -also had strong Taoist influence; emphasis on nature; also simplistic yet beautiful |
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Know the reasons for the rise, success, and fall of the Mongol Empire. |
Rise Genghis Khan really good at military Success conquered much of asia fall: invasions plague high taxes many invasions Chinese Grandson Kublai Khan not as good at military |
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a. How did the Mongols rule after they conquered a territory? b. Why was their rule called the “Pax Mongolica?” |
a. When they were trying to conquer a territory they were cruel and merciless; vicious and unstoppable. But once conquered, the Mongols treated the conquered very well; they let them keep their cultural beliefs and custodies --even adapting a few for themselves
b. The time was very prosperous and had lots of trade. The mongolian empire had peace. |
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How did geography affect the development of China, Japan, and Korea? |
Since Japan and Korea were very close to China, they were heavily influenced by Chinese culture. However, since they were also slightly separated bc Japan and Korea were surrounded by water (islands, and peninsula), they selectively blended their cultures with China. For example, Japan took on the same artistic styles as the Chinese, emphasizing nature and simplicity as well as dimension, but instead of doing small scenes with just a bird and a few leaves as the subject, they did landscapes (the Chinese also had landscape art). They also selectively blended Buddhism ideas to mix with their original Shinto beliefs, creating Zen Buddhism. Korea developed a similar central gov system as China, and used the same civil service exams as the Chinese, but selectively blended by making these exams only open to the noble upper class males. The Japanese tried the exams as well but ended up sticking with their more aristocratic beliefs. |
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Describe specific ways in which Japan and Korea both emulated and resisted China. In other words, how was the cultural diffusion in Japan and Korea more of a “selective blending?” Be specific with examples. |
Japan and Korea took the ideas of chinese culture but rejected parts of it and made it their own >Japanese Buddha and Shinto Shrine >Japan: Zen Buddhism combined the Shinto beliefs they used to have with buddhism from China, but Shintoism still existed and prospered. >Korea: took parts of Chinese language but made it their own with phonetic sounds **Both: civil service exam, in Korea only open for the sons of Nobles and government positions hereditary, in Japan they tried the civil service exam but government stayed passed down |
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Know the similarities between Japanese and European feudalism, and the causes for the development of such a decentralized social and political system. |
At the “top” of the japanese feudal system was the powerless emperor and below him were the very powerful daimyo or nobles and the shogun or military leader. Below them were the samurai then the middle class of artisans and merchants followed by peasants. This was similar to the european feudal system because the top two class’s were the same except instead of a shogun there was the clergy.Land was important in both. The samurai and the knights both served the nobles but the knights also served their country and the church. They both had rules to follow. Knights- Code of chivalry Samurai-Bushido code (Very honor vs shame driven) |
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What was the status of women in Asia during the Middle Ages? Be specific with examples |
~Women’s housework= impractical and less important (only for nobles, right? didn't the other classes still have women do work, but it was only inside or sitting down) and footbinding started ~If a woman didn’t bind her feet and therefore did not marry a man, it was almost certain that she would end up on the streets because she couldn’t support herself. ~A woman was nothing without a man because her work didn’t support or aid in the prosperity of her family, therefore her status worsened. |
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Know the similarities between Japanese and European codes of honor for warriors |
Similarites & Differences Bushido: honor, loyalty, courgage, bravery, - better to die young and honorable than to live a long and full life
Code of Chivalry: honor, loyalty, courage, bravery, Devotion: to chosen lady, heavenly lord, and earthly feudal lord; protected poor and weak; courteous |
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Know the major geographic features of the African continent. |
Deserts (Sahara and Kalahari) Savannas Rivers: NILE, Congo, Niger, Zimbabwe Serengeti Great Rift Vally |
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Considering the different types of societies, kingdoms, and empires in African history, what are still the common ways of life in Africa today?Considering the different types of societies, kingdoms, and empires in African history, what are still the common ways of life in Africa today? |
-Hunter Gatherer communities as well as Muslim states are still around today -Ethiopia still practices Christianity although surrounded by Islam-practicing countries and states. -Africa is still a large part Islamic |
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Some African tribes and kingdoms practiced patrilineal and matrilineal organization. What are these? |
Patrilineal organization: when the family’s history is traced through the fathers Matrilineal organization: when the family’s history is traced through the mothers. |
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Where was and is the influence of Islam seen the most in Africa? |
Seen in architecture- In Songhai, the architecture was based on Islam but had african styles mixed in. Seen mostly in North West Africa, got there through the Muslims taking over land and then spreading through trade routes. Some African emperors converted to Islam or were Muslim. Iconic buildings such as mosques were created as a result of Islamic influence. |
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Be able to define and describe in detail TWO specific examples of Islamic influence in Africa. |
~Shariah law= the laws from the Holy book that were used to govern many rulers that converted to Islam ~Arabic was absorbed into the Bantu languages to form Swahili (Bantu+Arabic= Swahili, this happened in the East-Coast City-States) ~ALSO in architecture, it was mainly Islam based, with African styles mixed in >>Mosques where an example in the architecture |
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What were the most common trade items among early African civilizations? |
~ gold + salt → Ghana and Mali, East Coast City States (mostly gold) ~ camels, ivory, slaves |
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What misconception is often believed about the African slave trade? |
People think that the trading of African slaves began in Europe, or somewhere in the west, but it actually began in Africa → Africans traded other Africans |
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How was trade and travel conducted in the Sahara? |
camels, caravans, oases set up later for the camels and traders to travel on (soldiers also deployed to protect caravans) |
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What was different about Aksum compared to the other kingdoms of northeast Africa? |
They were Christian Askum later Ethiopia |
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Be able to identify the main characteristics of government, rise to power, and decline of kingdoms/empires in West, North, and South/East Africa. |
Many of the kingdoms/empires rose to power from gold trade. Not all of them mined the gold, but they traded it.
Muslim States Location: north africa to sahara desert Lifestyle: allah’s laws higher than city laws, berbers-native north africans, berbers formed almoravid empire Achievements: almoravids went on hajj (pilgrimage) to mecca, overran ghana, took over parts of southern spain. almohads conquered southern spain Rise: almoravids forcefully took over morocco, made marrakech the capital. almohads took power from almoravids. Decline: almohads split up into separate muslim states
East Coast City States Location: east coast of africa along coastline Lifestyle: traded, port cities, ground not able to farm so relied on trade for food, spoke swahili, wealthy lived in luxury Rise: kilwa (city-state) indian merchants could use monsoons to sail and trade there, took over sofala, asian and south african goods ALL passed through here. Decline: the Portuguese invaded the city states (the first ships came in 1488). They were looking for a quicker route by sea to India for trading purposes when they stumbled across the city states. The Portuguese saw their wealth and invaded them for their spices, silk, and perfume. They successfully invaded, and the city states were gone.
Mutapa South Location: a little north of zimbabwe Lifestyle: goldminers, traded gold, craved for luxury, built with bricks Rise: Mutota left zimbabwe trying to find salt, when he found it he settled in that valley, state grew into an army, taxed people in order to support his army, dominated shona people, Decline: the Portuguese invaded Mutapa during the mid to late 1400’s, and although they didn’t successfully take control of the land, Mutapa never went back to its former glory and declined.
Great Zimbabwe Location: zimbabwe Lifestyle: farmers/cattle raisers, trade Rise: near a gold trade route, started taxing merchants and travelers on these trade routes, became economic, religious, and political center Decline: Possibly used up resources and land from cattle grazing. unknown for sure what happened
Songhai North Location: part of the northwestern half of africa including Mali, Niger, and Ghana Religion: Islam Achievements: conquered timbuktu, djenne, and made a tax system Rise: broke off of mali and Askia Muhammad lead a muslim revolt against sunni ali Decline: Defeated by Moroccan troops because they lacked modern weapons like cannons and gunpowder
Ghana Location: Ghana Rise: traded gold and salt, made extra money by taxing foreign merchants, the king was the only owner of gold but some black markets still sold it, king was able to control the gold trade Decline: king converted to islam but people wanted to keep animism. muslims also disrupted the gold trade which caused the economy to fall.
Mali NW Location: south of ghana and the sahara, in west africa Lifestyle: traded gold, low crime rates Religion: Islam Achievements: mansa musa expanded mali to twice its size, made empire muslim, and in the hajj to mecca, spread information on gold in africa to the europeans. timbuktu had big mosques and universities. had a strong government and judicial system Rise: gold mines discovered and trade routes near mali, sundiata conquered ghana, kumbi, and walata, europeans wanted more gold. Decline: Muslim Almoravids invaded Ghana which disrupted trade. In Mali, Mansa Musa’s successors were not very good and they lost their gold due to competition |
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Where did the American natives come from? How did they get here? |
From Northeast Asia- nomads traveled the Bering Strait (CALLED BERINGIA) during the last ice age. (land bridge between Russia and Alaska) Ocean water level then went up which caused Alaska and Siberia to separate, so they were stuck in Alaska and then migrated southward. |
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What were the common, general religious beliefs of the North American tribes? |
-Nature spirits -rituals -life of peace and harmony -land is sacred -some believed in Great spirit above others -family is important -Totems represent group/ tribe -Use as little land (natural resources) as possible. -humans are just a part of the universe and are not superior to anything else (the nature) |
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What was the general political and social structure of the North American tribes? |
Clans of families stuck together, the elders were the leaders |
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What was the purpose of totems to North American natives? |
represented important clans/tribes/families and the orders of importance → what was important to that clan+what they represented, bigger the totem pole, the more wealthy the family |
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Know the major characteristics and accomplishments of the following civilizations: Maya, Aztec, Inca, and North American societies in general. |
Maya: No currency, but used cacao beans in place of currency sometimes, codex were books of their records, 365 day solar calendar, number system, glyphs (800 words and syllables, writing system based off of hieroglyphics), God-king ruler, human sacrifices, from prisoners of war, occasionally
Aztec: Demanded tributes to sacrifice to the gods; known esp. for their high demand in human tributes bc they believed the blood gave the sun god Huitz-- the strength to raise the sun each day, lots of trade in city Tenochtitlán, the Chinampas or floating gardens, allowed very efficient farming
Inca: Road system that lead to Cuzco, almost socialist system, government controlled production, Ayllu were groups of people who tried to get specific jobs done together
ALL 3 HAD ADVANCED SOLAR CALENDAR |
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Why would historians describe Incan society as community-oriented? Explain using specific terms like ayllu and mita. |
It was divided based on family groups of 10, 100, 1000, and 10000 together which are called ayllu. The ayllu were led by chiefs and kept the old traditions of the family/ tribe, so it was very community-oriented. These ayllu would do service projects for the community.
Mita- people were required to work on community-driven projects that benefited the society as a whole. |
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Know the specific factors that led to the decline of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incans. |
Maya: No one knows exactly why the Mayans left their land behind, but two theories (or a combination of both theories) are believed. The first theory is that war broke out between the independent city states, which caused many people to flee. The other theory is that the farmland was used up from the massive amounts of farming, and with a big population, there wasn’t enough food to feed everyone and people started to either leave or die of hunger. Along with this, disease had spread and there wasn’t enough defense against the disease, so many people had died. This was similar to the Native Americans when the English and French came to colonize America because so many people had died that the new invaders never saw the Mayans at their former glory. They only saw a portion of the amount of people that had lived there previously, and had the wrong ideas about the Mayans of the past. They also thought that the land was not in use because the American people worshiped the land and only used what they truly needed (NATIVE AMERICANS).
Aztec: united culture, loyalty to emperor, religion promotes sacrifice increase: Tributes caused states to rebel, resources are put into religion instead of more productive areas, Spanish coming brought bad omens to the people.
Inca: Hay Una Capa (there is one cloak/layer) died and divided his empire up between two sons. One of these sons tried to take over more of the land which caused civil wars then the Spanish attacked when the empire was weakened. |
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What was the Italian Renaissance and what was it characterized by? |
Renaissance = rebirth of culture: art, writing, philosophy, etc. bc the people were newly rejuvenated from surviving so many wars and plagues → celebration through rebirth in creativity |
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How was the Renaissance different than the Dark Ages (Early Middle Ages)? |
The Renaissance had trade, art, and prosperity. Basically, it was a positive, thriving time, while the Dark Ages was a period of struggling |
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What factors caused the Renaissance to occur in Europe? |
~Crusades ~Humanism ~Secular thought ~Greco-Roman teachings and culture were reintroduced into Europe >>Italian writers began to use the Greco-Roman texts that were brought to Europe by the Byzantines as inspiration. ~The Church lost authority so religion became less important and relevant to the people so they became more concerned ~Long-distance and local trade increased ~Education and culture gained importance in society |
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How did Italy’s location help it become the birthplace of the Renaissance? |
Italy was in the center of most of the sea-trade routes that were created by the Crusades. peninsula. surrounded by rich natural resources and helpful landforms such as mountains, seas and rivers |
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Know the types of people who were patrons, as well as specific famous patrons during the Renaissance. |
Types of people who were patrons: Popes, Wealthy Merchants, Wealthy bankers Specific Famous Patrons: 1) Isabella d’Este 2) Pope Julius II- famous patron for Raphael |
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What were the broad ideas held by most Renaissance thinkers and writers? Be able to use and define terms like secular, humanism, realism, vernacular, and individualism in your explanation. |
Secular: Worldly, intune with the here and now rather than spiritual Humanism: an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements Realism: artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be. Vernacular: native (when church services were performed in the vernacular language, they were performed in the native language of the area). Individualism: Importance to human potential and achievement |
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Be specific: in what ways did the Renaissance revive Greco-Roman culture? |
~Printing press allowed for Greco-Roman writings to be mass distributed ~Crusaders brought back Greco-Roman ideas from Middle-East ~Byzantine scholars fleeing from Muslim invaders went to Europe and brought Greco-~Roman texts with them. ~Rebirth of Greco Roman ideas and art like the ones mentioned above |
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What did the famous humanist writers like Machiavelli, Erasmus, Shakespeare, Colonna, and de Pizan write about? What were they each arguing? |
human potential for achievement Machiavelli ("The Prince") in particular argued that all men are selfish and evil, that they will give you something if you do something for them, but will pull back once they actually have to return their end of the bargain. Shakespeare wrote tragedies and comedies, Greco-Roman influenced Erasmus criticized the Church Colonna was a woman who wrote religious poems de Pizan was the husband of Colonna |
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What was “l’uomo universale,” and who was the most famous of these people? |
Renaissance man: a well rounded man who was proficient in (pretty much) every area of study. Leonardo Di Vinci, Michelangelo, Isaac Newton |
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What was the technique used by Renaissance artists that created depth perception in their paintings? Be able to describe the technique |
Perspective. They would draw lines that all converged at a single point on the horizon. This point was called the vanishing point and it created a depth |
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Know the works and accomplishments of the famous Renaissance painters: da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Donatello, and Masaccio. |
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Be able to identify the various Renaissance themes in famous paintings that we’ve studied. |
Classicism -Greco-Roman influence -Secular, humanism, individualism -Symmetry, natural balance -Classic pose (contrapposto) -David by Donatello, 1430 - first free form bronze statue since Roman times b. Realism and Vibrant Expression -First nudes since classical times -Expulsion from the Garden by Masaccio, 1427 c. Perspective -First use of linear perspective (depth, horizontal, vanishing point, etc.) -The Trinity by Masaccio, 1427 d. Emphasis on Individualism -Unique human features -Batista Sforza and Frederico de Montefeltre: Duke and Duchess of Urbino by Pierro della Francesca, 1465-1466 |
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Be able to compare and contrast the techniques, styles, themes, and topics of the Italian vs. Northern Renaissance artists and writers |
Both used perspective and realism. In Italy, there was a mixture of secular and religious paintings considering that so many church leaders were patrons themselves. Both had realistic detail but the North used the most hyper realistic detail. North carved into wood. Portraits (individual ones) were mostly from Italy but the Northern artists used landscape. The Northern Renaissance artists began oil paintings before the Italians did. Italian artists had almost cookie-cutter backgrounds in their portraits, but the Northern Renaissance artists had more interesting backgrounds (like the picture of the man and woman in their living room, the woman holding her belly).
-Italians made art based on nature sometimes - this was almost unheard of in other places -New techniques in Northern--woodcuts, engravings, religious figures, classical myths, realism more than ever -Northern humanists used humanism to critique and REFORM society -Northern artists carved into wood (Duhrer did this and landscapes) -Van Dyke used oil |
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What were the important themes and values of the Renaissance? Be familiar with famous paintings and works of art that represent these themes/value? |
Classicism--Greco-Roman influence, secular, humanism, individualism (free-standing figure), symmetry/balance (bent (often right) knee, look to the left), classical pose (contrapposto) The “Classical Pose”--Medici “Venus” (Pose is naked) David by Donatello (1430, Donatello--first artist with free form bronze statue since roman times)
Realism and Vibrant Expression Expulsion from the Garden by Masaccio (1427, first painted nudes since classical times) (faces have agony, heartbreak)
Perspective The Trinity by Masaccio (1426, first use of linear perspective, creating depth)
Emphasis on Individualism Batista Sforza & Frederico de Montefeltre: The Duke and Dutchess of Urbino (Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466) (Break in the man’s nose is individual) They also took inspiration from Greco-Roman artistic ideas, such as balance and symmetry (seen in the piece Architectural Veduta, where perspective was also clearly used to give the piece dimension) |
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What were the historic effects of the Gutenberg printing press? |
ideas spread faster and further with extreme efficiency (ex. Luther’s reforms aka 95 Theses), books and Bibles became cheaper so even the poor could afford to read their own Bibles |
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What attitudes of the Renaissance influenced and even caused the Protestant Reformation? |
Secular thoughts from popes caused people to lose faith in weather the pope is truly doing their job Some popes even had children and other worldly luxuries and generally strayed from the path of goodness Renaissance gave people the ability to express their own beliefs and thoughts |
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Leading up to the Reformation, why were many people criticizing the church? List both past and contemporary (of the time) criticisms |
-selling indulgences+relic visiting tourism=basically stealing from the poor and hopeful -secularity of popes=too worldly and corrupt, hypocritical to what they preached -over taxation |
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What is an indulgence, and who promoted it during Luther’s time? Why did Luther have such a problem with it? |
An indulgence was a formal document sold to the people that claimed God’s forgiveness. Church officials promoted selling these indulgences to earn money in order to build things like new churches or buy things like better robes. Luther disagreed with this idea because he believed that people can reach heaven by studying the Bible and didn’t need the Church to interpret the Bible for them.
The money made from indulgences was being used to buy material objects for the church officials that would not benefit the people in any way, shape, or form, which also caused resentment at the indulgences.
John Tetzel in Luther’s city gave him the inspiration to write the 95 theses |
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What Catholic Church teachings did Martin Luther REJECT? Use the “5 solas” to explain Luther’s main objections and teachings. |
Luther rejected the Church’s traditions, selling things to build the church, the belief that to get into heaven one must also do good deeds, worshipping people or organizations. He believed in God’s grace and that no works were needed for salvation, only faith. The Bible’s texts alone are the final authorities, not extra teachings of church leaders. Sola scriptura (by Scripture alone)--believed only the Bible was the final word on the Christian faith Sola fide (by faith alone)--Believed only faith could lead to salvation Sola Christo (christ alone)--Believed only Christ could save you, couldn’t buy into salvation Sola gratia (grace alone)--God saves you because he is merciful. Salvation is a GIFT Sola deo gloria (glory to god alone)--Only god is holy, not the pope and bishops |
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Martin Luther was not necessarily a “revolutionary,” but rather, a man caught up in a revolution. Explain this statement with as much historical evidence as possible. |
Luther didn’t mean to start a whole new religion but his beliefs began a domino effect that he became the center of. He even at one time had peasants who supported him stop because they were rebelling. Luther wanted to reform the church not reject it but ended up being kicked out and started a new religion that spread everywhere and caused new sects to form. |
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What was the Peace of Augsburg, and what did it say about the Holy Roman Empire? |
The Peace of Augsburg was a compromise between the protestant princes and the emperor and the catholic princes who had been at war with each other for years. The king had won the war against the protestants but they still would not convert putting them at a chance for another war. The compromise was to allow princes to choose their provinces’ religion. Showed a weakening empire that could not survive another war. |
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Explain the significance of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I in the creation and establishment of the Church of England. Be detailed and complete in your explanation of the Anglican Church’s history. In other words, what were the causes behind the religious reformation in England, and how did the situation develop under Elizabeth I? |
Henry VIII wanted a son, yet the pope refused to give him a divorce because his wife wasn’t having a son. Henry calls Parliament to end Pope’s power in England, which they agree to in 1534, making Henry head of England’s church. When Henry dies, his daughter Elizabeth I eventually takes the throne and in 1559 Parliament sets up the Anglican Church with Elizabeth as the head. Priests were allowed to marry, deliver sermons in English, and have rich robes. She believed this would please Protestants and Catholics. |
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What was the Elizabethan Age known for? |
-Queen Elizabeth was the queen at the time (hence the name) -Poetry -Music -Literature |
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Unlike his predecessor, what did Calvin teach that was different or an extension of Luther? |
Faith in god leads to salvation, but he also wrote that men and women are sinful by nature, and that God chooses a very few to save- “the elect”. It is the whole idea of predestination- God has always known who will be saved. |
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Know the location and summary teachings of the other Protestant/Reformed groups: Presbyterians, Anabaptists, and Huguenots. |
Anabaptists- baptize once old enough to decide to be a Christian, church and state separate Huguenots- Calvin’s French followers, more personal faith of early Christians, against Catholic Church, predestination Presbyterians- Followers of John Knox: based on Calvin’s ideas with a group of laymen called presbyters governed each church community |
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On August 24, 1527, what event occurred on St. Bartholomew’s Day? |
Catholic mobs hunted and murdered Huguenots of France. The massacres spread to many other cities (but began in Paris) and lasted six months, with 12,000 killed. |
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How did the Catholic Church response to the Protestant Reformation change over time? |
With Catholic Church Reformation to help Catholics stay loyal. It didn’t really introduce new ideas, it just reaffirmed old ones and clarified old ideas. It truly just put unspoken rules into a list of now spoken rules. |
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What did the Catholic Church declare at the Council of Trent? What does this signify? Know who the Jesuits are and the terms of the Council of Trent. |
The Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final. Christian with own substitution for interpretation is a heretic. Need faith AND GOOD WORKS for salvation, not just faith like Luther believed. Bible and Church tradition are equal authorities for guiding Christian life. Indulgences are valid expressions of faith. False selling of indulgences was banned, though. These go against the beliefs of the Protestants. Jesuits- members of Society of Jesus (Ignatius). They founded schools, converted non-christians to Christianity, and tried to stop the spread of Protestantism. |
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Know the legacies of the Renaissance and Protestant Reformation in western civilization. |
Individual monarchs and states gained power led to the development of modern nation-states. Laid groundwork for the Enlightenment (movement in late 18th century in Europe). Because emphasis on education grew in both branches, parish schools and new colleges and universities were built throughout Europe. Religious: 1. ~Protestant churches flourished + new denominations developed |
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Leading up to the Reformation, why we're many people criticizing the church? List both past and contemporary (of the time) criticisms |
-selling indulgences+relic visiting tourism=basically stealing from the poor and hopeful -secularity of popes=too worldly and corrupt, hypocritical to what they preached -over taxation |
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What Catholic Church teachings did Martin Luther REJECT? Use the “5 solas” to explain Luther’s main objections and teachings. |
Luther rejected the Church’s traditions, selling things to build the church, the belief that to get into heaven one must also do good deeds, worshipping people or organizations. He believed in God’s grace and that no works were needed for salvation, only faith. The Bible’s texts alone are the final authorities, not extra teachings of church leaders. |
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Joseon and Koryu Dynasties |
Joseon created the Korean alphabet distinct from chinese characters (selective cultural blending)
Koryu green glazed pottery, large wooden blocks to write the Buddhist letters on, established a civil service system but it didn’t provide the social mobility that it did for the Chinese--only nobility was permitted to take it. |
